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    ###### tags:`[師][課]課堂筆記` # 統計學(一) <center> --課堂共筆與內容保留一切權利-- </center> 主筆:[方方](https://www.instagram.com/young_sian_fang/) :::info 課堂連結:[Moudle](https://moodle3.ntnu.edu.tw/course/view.php?id=28068) ::: --- ## 先前筆記 **製作:姿樺** [連結](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Smmtt0MH77bVyVcv356173edrAJ2xpwM/view?usp=sharing) ## Class 5 **日期:** 2022/10/07 **時間:** 09:30 ### 上課內容 * 考試:說明報表內容 * 相依樣本平均數檢定 資料:量化 / 質性 比較2組-->T檢定 * 單一樣本T檢定 [分析]->[比較平均數法]->[單一樣本T檢定] ![](https://i.imgur.com/h8xlcg7.png) (依檢定值進行篩選分析) ![](https://i.imgur.com/9iZAjrQ.png) 顯著性(雙尾)-->p值,能與目標值進行比較 * 成對樣本分析 [分析]->[比較平均數法]->[獨立樣本T檢定] ![](https://i.imgur.com/ISFcqpL.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/aSW2SGv.png) * 變異數等式的 Levene 檢定:兩群資料的離散情形。 * 顯著性:0.363<0.5,甲、乙 無明顯顯著差異(差距量不大) * 主管領導風格的顯著性 ![](https://i.imgur.com/EkBig8g.png) 1. 重新編碼(變數轉換) 將小公司(1,2->1)、大公司(其他->2) 2. 計算問項平均數(AS算數平均數) 3. [分析]->[比較平均數法]->[獨立樣本T檢定] **檢定變數:想得到的值** ![](https://i.imgur.com/8sWW9hW.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/ygrrSmo.png) 4. Result ![](https://i.imgur.com/AVOd9Gh.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/WF8aOp0.png) > a. 關係不顯著 > b. p值看較小的(.579) * 成對樣本T檢定 [分析]->[比較平均數法]->[成對樣本T檢定] ![](https://i.imgur.com/b58egRI.png) 0.046<0.05 **具有顯著差異性存在--->期中&期末成績顯著(78->84:進步)差異** * ANVO 1. 先劃出變項間的關聯 2. 判斷資料屬性 3. 判斷重複量測 4. 決定方法 ### 下一堂課 ### 其他 ## Class 6 **日期:** 2022/10/14 **時間:** 09:30 ### 上課內容 * ANOVA [參考連結](https://belleaya.pixnet.net/blog/post/30754486-%5B%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%5D-%5B%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%5D-anova%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E6%95%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-%E5%B0%8F%E7%AD%86%E8%A8%98) * **期中/末報告** ![](https://i.imgur.com/3XOI9gd.png) **SPSS獨立樣本單因變異數分析** * 應變數 -> 生活滿意度, 固定因子 -> 婚姻狀態 ![](https://i.imgur.com/mOl8aXk.jpg **[分析]->[比較平均數法]->[單因子變異數分析]** ![](https://i.imgur.com/o9YcofM.png) * 選項 ![](https://i.imgur.com/O39Dh8u.png) * 事後 ![](https://i.imgur.com/TzAg3UU.png) **顯著水準** 0.05/6 -> 0.0083 (排列組合的C取樣 eg.C4取2) --- **一般線性模型-單變異數** 分析功能 **[分析]->[單一線性模型]->[單變異數]** ![](https://i.imgur.com/QAlHIhx.png) * 選項 ![](https://i.imgur.com/xxU2Gnc.png) * 事後 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Y9mYVow.png) * 顯著性 ![](https://i.imgur.com/t01DfXZ.png) **兩圖資料分布相似-->無顯著性。** ![](https://i.imgur.com/m8hKbjR.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/eEojzTk.png) **逐一比對顯著差異性(若小於0.05,具有顯著差異性) ![](https://i.imgur.com/uNSAnE4.png) * 變異數分析下(如:scheffe法)生活狀態與婚姻滿意度具有/無相關性 考試時會給報表,需要於表中找到題目所需的資料&分析。 檢定方法判斷:每組組數資料量相同/不同決定,雪費法可用範圍廣,較為妥善。 e.g.:LSD, HSD, N-K, Scheffe...etc **[分析]->[單一線性模型]->[重複量測]** * 重複量測 ![](https://i.imgur.com/DcmxIAG.png) * 定義 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Sy5BhXV.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/YcbZpfF.png) 重複量測4次 * 選項 C4取2除以6 * ![](https://i.imgur.com/xlbto76.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/aJ2Gcmj.png) 結論一:時段的不同對反應時間具顯著性影響,亦表示該分析法適合使用。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/4DQqgEm.png) 結論二:針對個別時段進行顯著分析 ## Class 7 **日期:** 2022/10/21 **時間:** 09:10 ### 上課內容 **簡單回歸分析** [分析]->[迴歸]->[線性] ![](https://i.imgur.com/9Go2Whu.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/2H1ynXV.png) [統計資料] ![](https://i.imgur.com/80oUD6b.png) **相關性** ![](https://i.imgur.com/vUXiNd2.png) 相關係數:1-->最為相關。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/GCpH5ke.png) R平方數值:解釋能力,意指0.676-->可以解釋依變數63.5%的變異。-->x提升,y也更著提升。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/DBfcNfu.png) 回歸係數為0.822,>0.5,具有顯著差異性。 1. 廷整後解釋能力:期中成績對於期末成績**解釋能力**為63.5% 2. 期中考對於期末考具有**顯著正向**影響。 ![](https://i.imgur.com /GIQnEti.png) **係數須看T值** 1. 正值或負值 2. >1.96 **多元回歸分析** > 同時回歸:全部一起放 > 逐步回歸:電腦幫助判斷 > 階層回歸:研究者一個一個放(e.g.性別、考試成績、作業與缺席) **同時回歸** [分析]->[迴歸]->[線性] ![](https://i.imgur.com/V6F9lkI.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/5gfEcyt.png) 顯著性為0.009(具顯著性)。 1. 調整後的R平方(解釋能力) 2. 看變異數分析(總體)的顯著 3. 看個別的相關性 ![](https://i.imgur.com/PHxqajh.png) 共線性存在的判斷-->個別變項預測能力檢驗(與其他項目黏在一起) 若VIF>10,表示兩者關係緊密。於量測時盡量將問項分開 **逐步回歸** [分析]->[迴歸]->[線性] ![](https://i.imgur.com/lbmNsqf.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/rq79d2p.png) 使用不同的模型(變數不同), 若增加或減少討論的變數可能改變不同的顯著性/解釋能力 ![](https://i.imgur.com/plcm1hI.jpg) **階層回歸** [分析]->[迴歸]->[線性] ![](https://i.imgur.com/fpjt5My.png) 依序使用[下一個] ![](https://i.imgur.com/DaLj9CC.png) 自己選的分項/組有可能結果不理想。 作業: ![](https://i.imgur.com/n2SWuhf.png) 須將表格進行整理 ### 下一堂課 - [ ] 10/28 作業 - [ ] 11/4 期中考 - [ ] 11/18期中報告 ## Class 8 **日期:** 2022/10/2/ **時間:** 09:10 ### 上課內容 期中考/期末報告:將分析表格萃取重要內容進行解釋、說明。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/F6jIa1Z.jpg) 將左側表格轉變為右側表格樣式。 **統計學基礎** 平均數:(加總)/樣本數 變異差: 標準差: 偏態分布: ![](https://i.imgur.com/lsQKPyz.png) 常態分布: ![](https://i.imgur.com/m0DxOJq.png) 常態分布之最高點近乎為平均數,而當樣本數足夠多時即為"中央極限定理" **常態分佈(高斯分佈):** 將一連續變項之觀察值發生機率以圖呈現其分布情形,且具有以下特性: * 以平均數為中線,構成左右對稱之單峰、鐘型曲線分布。 * 觀察值之範圍為負無限大至正無限大之間。 * 變項之平均數、中位數和眾數為同一數值。 標準偏差(standard deviation): > 68.3%的數值,落在平均數 ± 1個標準差間; > 95.4%的數值,落在平均數 ± 2個標準差間; > 99.7%的數值,落在平均數 ± 3個標準差間。 > 中央極限定理: 在適當的條件下,**大量相互獨立隨機變數**的**均值**經適當**標準化**後依分布收斂於**標準常態分布** Z分數: ![](https://i.imgur.com/cFJXXvr.png) x是需要標準化的原始分數 μ為母體的**平均值** σ為母體的**標準差** ![](https://i.imgur.com/eYzV8Q4.png) z分數=2.09-->值為0.9817,則其分布位置為98.17%。 T/Z:不同之處-->母體/樣本 Z/T分配選用: ``` [σ是否已知]---->[是](樣本數足夠、已知母體) ===> 使用z檢定 | | ---------->[否](樣本數不足、母體未知) ===> 使用T檢定 ``` | | 百分等級(PR) | 標準分數(Z、T分數) | | ----| ----------------| -------- | | 單位 | 將群體分成100等分 | 以標準差作為單位 | | 數值 | PR值永遠為正數 | 數值可以為負數 | | 量尺 | 次序量尺 | 等距量尺 | * Z分數是一種將原始分數以「在平均數之上或之下幾個標準差」的方式表示分數,意即我們可以透過Z分數知道個體位於群體中的相對位置 * T分數是Z分數的衍生分數,是Z分數藉由直線轉換產生的分數,通常為Z分數的10倍加上50,意即T=10z+50。 **假設檢定** [參考簡報](https://slidesplayer.com/slide/16772265/) 統計假設:對母體參數的假設 虛無假設[H0]: 對立假設[H1]: ![](https://i.imgur.com/c1RcQ0j.png) ### **期中考** 時間09:00~10:10 1.電腦/SPSS考試 2.檔案為Excel資料 3.注意考場規則 4.有選擇題 **考前總整理** 1.衡量表、分組分析:變異數分析(組數超過4組時) 2.相關/迴歸分析>迴歸分析會有資料上的**明確因果關係** 3.成對/獨立 樣本T檢定:成對使用於同組但不同人,獨立則為兩個不同的組別。 4.兩構念具量表,試圖轉換 5.(早、中、晚:三群,超過2個群)重複量測-->變異數分析(並非T檢定) - [x] A. 尺度判別 定義 - [ ] B. 分析方法 定義 - [ ] C. 操作/分析 說明結果 ### 下一堂課 - [ ] 11/4 期中考 11/11 師大運動會 - [ ] 11/18 期中報告 期中報告:10min/組 組別:第八組( 1 ~ 7,8 ~ 10 ) ![](https://i.imgur.com/kujCwlH.png) ## Class 15 **日期:** 2022/12/9 **時間:** 09:10 ### 上課內容 **信度分析:** [分析]->[比例]->[信度分析] ![](https://i.imgur.com/wrGoQZ3.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/FCPrdwR.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/MK9fs4k.png) Cronbach's alpha是在衡量題目之間的一致性,因此一個題項就不可能會有一致性的指標。而這個數值是說明該題項刪除後,Cronbach's alpha係數會變為多少,因此必須找比量表還要高出許多的數值,代表刪除題項後可以提高Cronbach's alpha **因素分析** 因素分析的主要目的是對資料找出其結構,以少數幾個因素來解釋一群相互有關係存在的變數,而又能到保有原來最多的資訊,再對找出因素的進行其命名,如此方可達到因素分析的兩大目標:資料簡化和摘要。 相互有關係存在的變數受共同因素(Common Factor)及獨特因素(Specific Factor)的影響。 因素分析分成探索性因素分析 ( Exploratory Factor Analysis) 與驗證性因素分析 ( Confirmatory Factor Analysis )。 探索性因素分析 是在沒有任何限制之下,找出因素的結構。 驗證性因素分析是在已知可能的結構下,驗證是否仍適用,如線性結構方程式 (LISREL) 。 因素分析的應用 1. 找出潛在因素 2. 篩選變數 3. 對資料做摘要 4. 由變數中選取代表性變數 ( 在因素中挑選一個變數使用 ) 5. 建構效度 6. 做資料簡化 ( 相關性高的變數,僅需選取一個做代表 ) **因數分析** ![](https://i.imgur.com/S9XtEqC.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/FQMMx6E.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/hxVZlSb.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/NRjDlUN.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/BGyN73Y.png) 以不同角度進行判讀(找出多少初始向量總計大於"1")。 ### 下一堂課

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