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    ## 賽局理論 Game Theory 在中國賽局理論被稱作博弈論,我是挺喜歡用博弈這個名詞的,因為比"賽局"直觀很多。 ### 資訊不對稱 來想一個問題,當今天去應徵工作時,雇主不清楚你的底細,你要如何證明你的能力? 我們會需要信號(signal)去發送給雇主,讓他知道,你的這個signal是厲害的。 學歷往往會被當作是一個signal,同時這也是最容易當作signal的指標,因為這是一個經過標準化考試制度下篩選出來的。 那這跟讀研有什麼關係? 首先,就是讀研除了可以代表你學歷的signal之外,還可以透露出你是否吃得了苦,兩年的碩士生涯有時是過得比在公司還要水深火熱。 ### 囚徒困境 警察抓到嫌犯 A、B 兩人,並隔離審訊,其中一人如果坦白罪刑、另一人拒絕承認,則自己可以無罪釋放,對方則重判 30 年;如果兩人都坦白,則各判 15 年(用坦承換取較短刑期)。兩人都不承認罪刑,則各判 1 年(因為犯罪證據明確)。 {%preview https://www.managertoday.com.tw/articles/view/64105? %} 那你會選哪個呢? 雖然最好的情況是兩個人都不承認犯罪,但兩名犯人因為害怕對方自白,所以都會認罪,這個賽局就成了「困境」。 對兩名參與者來說,這個賽局永遠都是壞結果,也反映出個人為了自利,反而做出不利的選擇 。 這跟碩士學歷有什麼關聯? * 參賽者: 你、其他的同齡競爭者。 * 情境: 假設市場上有一個好職缺。 | | 對手選擇:不讀研 | 對手選擇:讀研 | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | 你選擇:不讀研 | 現狀維持 (大家省下2年,憑實力跟學歷競爭) | 你慘敗 (對手學歷壓制,你被篩掉) | | 你選擇:讀研 | 你大勝 (你有學歷優勢,輕鬆錄取) | 納許均衡 / 內捲 (大家都讀,學歷貶值,白花2年) | 個人理性選擇: * 如果別人不讀,我讀了就能「降維打擊」,優勢巨大 $\rightarrow$ 所以我該讀。 * 如果別人都讀,我不讀就會被當成「後段班」直接淘汰 $\rightarrow$ 所以我更該讀。 納許均衡 (Nash Equilibrium): 無論別人怎麼選,讀研都是你的優勢策略 (Dominant Strategy)。結果就是所有人都去讀研。 這導致了學歷通膨。碩士學歷變成了職場的「入場券」(Basic Entry Requirement),而不是「加分項」。大家都很累,但誰都不敢停下來。 ### 動態賽局與機會成本 但人生是場無限賽局欸,不能只看單一的決策下定論,所以我們看以下兩種情況該如何分析。 不讀研 (A策略): * 收益: 提早賺 2 年薪水 ($W_{bachelor} \times 2$) + 2 年工作經驗帶來的加薪。 * 風險: 職涯天花板可能較低(例如某些研發主管職位限定碩士)。 讀研 (B策略): * 成本: 2 年學費 + 2 年生活費 + 放棄的 2 年薪水(機會成本)。 * 收益: 起薪較高 ($W_{master}$) + 升遷速度可能較快。 你需要計算收益跟成本: 碩士薪資比學士多出來的薪水溢價 (Premium),需要幾年才能填補這兩年的空窗期? 右邊式子代表的是機會成本,左邊是你的額外收益,T是畢業後工作的時間。 $$(W_{master} - W_{bachelor}) \times T > (W_{bachelor} \times 2 + 學費)$$ 所以這個式子表達的意思是,你碩士畢業需要工作多久才能賺回你讀碩士的成本。 Tech/金融產業: 溢價很高(例如碩士起薪多 1-2 萬),回本週期短 $\rightarrow$ 值得讀研,其他產業,就沒有一定要讀研了。 當然產業分別,薪資越高越競爭的職缺勢必要讀研究所才能更好爭取,但如果不想跟大家一起玩這個賽局遊戲,不妨想想什麼才是你想要追求的,或許這才是屬於你的賽局。

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