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    # 2020.3.9 金融市場驚心動魄的一週 [TOC] ## 摘要 * 股市 * 道瓊指數3/9-3/12跌幅18.03% * 融斷機制觸發3次 * VIX * 17.08(2/21)→41.94(3/6)→54.46(3/9)→75.47(3/12) * 08年金融海嘯VIX收盤價最高達到80.86 * 原油 * OPEC+減產協議告吹,因俄羅斯不願減產 * 布蘭特原油價格3/9單日暴跌31.86% * 債市 * 美國10年期公債殖利率3/9收於0.54%,盤中一度低到0.32% * 美國30年期公債殖利率創下歷史新低,首度跌破1%,3/9收於0.99%,盤中一度低到0.71% ## 前言 這個禮拜的資訊量有點爆棚,全球金融市場經歷最動盪的時期,股市快速且大幅度下跌,許多交易所指數都觸發融斷機制;OPEC+減產協議喬不攏,能源商品跳空暴跌;VIX指數因市場極度恐慌,直逼金融海嘯紀錄;美債殖利率因避險資金湧入,長天期公債殖利率跌破歷史新低;貴金屬市場受到多項因素暴跌15%-25%。從禮拜一到禮拜五天天都驚喜,非常值得紀錄,我想有生之年都不太容易在看到這等光景,每年跳出這篇的時候,都可以讓自己想起2020的開局著實慘烈。 ## 美股 我們先不說在3/6前,道瓊指數期貨(下稱小道瓊)已經自歷史高點29543崩到25779,跌幅達12.74%,3/9當天小道瓊在電子盤期間下跌超過5%,股市開盤後花了 ==<font color=red>5分22秒</font>== 下跌至7%,觸發融斷機制[^first] (Circuit Breaker),親眼看著美股融斷的感覺有夠不真實,融斷後休息15分鐘股市繼續交易,當天道瓊指數總共下跌7.79%。 到了3/12,小道瓊又再次在盤前下跌5%,直到股市開盤後繼續下跌,這天股市比較堅強,花了 ==<font color=red>6分46秒</font>== 才觸發融斷,再次中場休息15分鐘,終場下跌9.99%,跌點-2352.6點。==<font color=red>跌點創下歷史最高,跌幅是1900年以來第6高</font>==,前面5名中有4次發生在WW2前(古老歷史),其中第一名就是著名的1987年10月19日的「黑色星期一」,連金融海嘯期間都沒有過一天跌幅超過10%(但可以6%以上連發),3/12這一天在金融史上將會留名。 最後2020.3.9-2020.3.12這段期間道瓊指數總共下挫4664.16點,跌幅18.03%,美股10多年多頭正式宣告中止。自現行的融斷規則上路以來(2013),美股從來沒有發生過融斷,結果本週就發生3次(向下融斷2次、向上融斷1次)。 * 小道瓊期貨走勢圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/DbaEYnM.png) --- [^first]: 美股「融斷機制」起源於1987年10月19日美股遭遇黑色星期一,單日內暴跌508點,即22.6%,引發了全球拋售,爾後美國證券交易委員會(SEC)於1988年2月推出融斷機制,就像電流太大保險絲會融斷一樣,就是為了阻止就重演,避免美股指數失控急劇漲跌。美股融斷機制的規則歷經數度修改,當前規則於2013年2月生效,設有「三大關」,能幫助股民有機會喘口氣、靜下心,並在特別糟糕的日子裡重新再出發。 ## S&P500波動率指數 VIX (恐慌指數) VIX指數的表現更是精彩,從這個指數衍伸出的許多金融商品,在這週讓無數人發達致富,也讓許多人傾家蕩產。從美股2/24開始下跌前,VIX指數只在17.08的位置,到了3/6已經來到41.94的高位,許多人認為VIX指數已經不太容易再上去了 ==(40大概就是2018年2月股災跟2018年12月股災一樣恐慌)==,然而3/9日當天由於美股熔斷重挫,VIX直接跳升到54.46,超過了金融海嘯以來的高點,以為這樣就結束了嗎?還有一次熔斷呢,3/12由於股市再次重挫,==VIX指數來到了75.47的高位,幾乎已經是金融海嘯等級的水平(見下圖)==,可以想見市場恐慌的程度有多驚人。 從交易的角度來看,VIX指數期貨一口保證金要8800鎂(崩盤前我記得只要5000鎂左右),假若再上週五收盤時放空一口VIX期貨,到3/12收盤時,短短4天就虧損22525鎂[^second],所以許多人賺翻,也有另一批人睡公園。 [^second]: (35.775-58.3)*1000 * VIX指數走勢圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/s2kAvYV.png) --- * VIX期限結構變化 ![](https://i.imgur.com/J9GPWj6.png) ## 原油 至於為何股市會重挫,除了武漢肺炎(COVID-19)在美國疫情擴散外,3/12當天還有一件驚動整個金融市場的大事,==<font color=red>布蘭特原油暴跌31.86%</font>==,主因是OPEC+的減產協議告吹,俄羅斯拒絕減產石油,原先OPEC+3年前談的協議為每日減產==170萬桶==原油至2020年3月底,實際上因為沙烏地阿拉伯超額減產而達到每日減產==210萬桶==,這場臨時會議是為了因應武漢肺炎導致全球能源需求下滑而討論是否要進一步每日減產==150萬桶==,結果開完以後竟然變成增產會議(咦?),所以市場最初是再猜會減產多少,結果出來除了談判破局外,沙烏地阿拉伯還不爽俄羅斯,為了把俄羅斯逼上談判桌而宣布增產,俄羅斯原本的產能就幾乎全開,增產的空間不過就==50萬桶==,但沙國就不一樣了,目前沙國產能是每日==970萬桶==,但產能催下去可以達到每日==1250萬桶==,所以雖然尚未開始增產,但市場已經嚇趴。 值得一提的是,台灣有檔ETF叫做元大SP原油正二(00672L),3/12開盤當天重挫32.26%,其中有溢價問題導致追蹤效果不好,但總而言之到了3/12收盤時,這檔ETF在4天內下跌了67.65%,散戶投資人受傷極度慘重(Google一定可以看到)。 而原油市場的紛亂,更加劇金融市場波動,彼此間又會互相影響,所以市場極度動盪,而波動有群聚性,所以估計未來一段時間都還是會處在大波動的環境吧。另外到底OPEC+能不能在3月底前達成協議,市場也都在關注。 :::warning 我個人猜想是會達成某種減產協議,但俄羅斯減產幅度會低於50萬桶,沙國不再要求更大量的減產,也就是雙方各退一步的結果啦(個體經濟學告訴我們,減產對大家都有利,但每個玩家都有動機偷偷增產),月底再來看猜對不對。 ::: * WTI原油期貨走勢 ![](https://i.imgur.com/nXrotmJ.png) ## 美債 美債我就懶打了,反正也是動盪不已,提幾個重要數字就好,想知道有多動盪的可以去查利率期貨價格的變化,又會是一群人升天,另一群人睡公園的故事。。 3/9當天,美國10年期公債殖利率創下歷史新低,收於0.54%,==<font color=red>盤中一度低到0.32%</font>==;美國30年期公債殖利率也是創下歷史新低,首度跌破1%,收於0.99%,==<font color=red>盤中一度低到0.71%</font>==,這根本是要世界毀滅了吧,我的天啊,美國30年期的主權債,比你台幣活存還要低,是在哈囉? 聯準會已經在台灣時間3/3緊急降息2碼,上一次在非會議期間降息是在金融海嘯期間,這種完全突破市場預期的政策理論上應該非常有效,結果你猜猜怎麼著?市場爽了幾個小時後,繼續崩盤,原因很複雜,但結果就是跟教科書不一樣,,現實世界從來沒這麼簡單。經過大跌以後,根據[FedWatch](https://www.cmegroup.com/cn-t/trading/interest-rates/countdown-to-fomc.html)顯示,市場在已經降息兩碼的基礎上,還預期聯準會能再降3-4碼,降4碼的意思就是把聯邦基金利率區間打到底,0.00-0.25,聯準會過去3年的升息又回到原點,如果當初聯準會沒有先升息,還可以有這麼點大的貨幣政策空間嗎?或者問,如果聯準會真如川普所說應該更早降、降更多,會不會比現在更好? :::warning <font size="4 ">喔不,歷史沒有如果,或許問問薛丁格的貓可以才有辦法得到答案。</font> ::: * 美國不同天期公債殖利率走勢 ![](https://i.imgur.com/CS44Ir3.png) --- * 年初與本週的美債殖利率曲線比較 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Zppo7jE.png) ###### tags: `金融市場` `美國`

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