李韋宏Auric Lee
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    # What is a Control System and Why should we care 課程筆記 >講者:Danny Abramovitch,AACC(American Automatic Control Council) >筆記撰寫人:李韋宏 >[影片連結1/2](https://dabramovitch.com/Education/intro_to_control_for_hs_2021_p1_2c.mp4) >[影片連結2/2](https://dabramovitch.com/Education/intro_to_control_for_hs_2021_p2_2c.mp4) ## What is a Control System and Why should we care(1/2) > >本片內容夢回大三 ### What is Control?Feedforward vs Feedback - Control :讓東西「在想要的時間到想要的位置」(when & where)。 - Feedforward(前饋):先猜一個推力和方向,一推就不再檢查(只靠模型、一次到位)。 - Feedback(回授):一邊做、一邊量,一邊修正(看結果再調整)。 - 日常中的回授:丟球、接球、騎腳踏車、開車、拿鑰匙對準鎖孔、摸手機鍵盤 淋浴的回授範例 & 方塊圖抽象 - 淋浴調水溫: - **Reference(心中想要的溫度)** - **Measurement(手伸進水裡感覺溫度)** - **Comparison(太熱?太冷?)** - **Adjustment(轉把手調冷/調熱)** - 這是一個**閉迴路**:不斷量測、判斷、調整,直到誤差小到可以接受。 - 想像成方塊圖: - Plant:淋浴系統 / 水溫 - Sensor:手 - Controller:大腦的判斷與決策 - Actuator:手去轉水龍頭 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkcTUQDxZg.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJUDPXDlZg.png) ### 正回授 vs 負回授 - **Positive Feedback(正回授)**:讓「正在發生的行為」越來越大。 - 例:振盪越來越大、功率越來越高,直到飽和或爆掉(講者舉例車諾比)。 - **Negative Feedback(負回授)**:抵銷偏差,讓系統對外界變化不那麼敏感。 - 犧牲「增益」,換來「穩定與穩健」。 - 當負回授因為**延遲**或相位反轉變成正回授 是個 **Bad things**: - 舉例:行進樂隊中有人腳步 180° 反相,整隊撞在一起。 ### 好多好多例子 >我跳著看,應該沒有很重要 >講了馬桶水箱浮球、獨木舟浮具、飛機陀螺儀自動修正、蒸汽機、血糖控制 ### 控制系統的共通結構 - 每個控制系統都可以拆成: - **Sensors:** 感測器,告訴我們現在世界發生了什麼事 - **Actuators:** 執行器,根據決策去做出動作 - **Computation:** 控制器/電腦,根據量測結果做決策 - **Converters:** 轉換器,把感測訊號變成可計算的形式,也把計算後的控制訊號轉成可以驅動執行器的形式 - **Physics:** 物理世界實際在發生的行為(真實系統) - **Modeling:** 用數學/模型把真實世界描述給電腦理解 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SymNV4wlWg.png) ### 計算與實作:類比 vs 數位 - **機械計算**:浮球、外洋獨木舟、flyball governor = 量測+計算+作動一體成形。 - **類比電子**: - 用電路直接實作微分方程(連續時間)。 - 應用:雷達、砲控、早期電話、飛機控制…。 - 問題:電路即程式:佈線難 debug、參數會亂飄。 - **數位電腦**: - NASA 登月後大量採用 → 用軟體取代硬佈線。 - 信號:連續世界 → A/D 取樣成紅點 → 控制器 → D/A 再回到連續。 - 優點:複製、縮小、修改容易;缺點:**取樣與延遲**帶來新的不穩定風險。 ### 延遲與回授 - 看影片慢幾秒很煩,但不致命;**遠距機器手術慢 2 秒就很危險**。 - 0.1 s 延遲:外科醫師可以像在現場一樣操作。 - 2 s 延遲:必須非常慢、非常小心,避免「看到問題時已經動太多」。 - 回授系統中,**時間延遲可能會把負回授變成接近正回授** → 易發散。 ## What is a Control System and Why should we care(2/2) ### 用數學看運動:F = ma 與 double integrator > 夢回國中 - 牛頓第二定律: $F = m a$ - a = 位置的二階微分(加速度 = 速度變化率 = 位置的變化率的變化率)。 - 反過來:從加速度積分兩次 → 回到位置。 這種「連續兩次積分」的系統稱為 **double integrator**。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1JEPNwgZe.png) ### 彈簧和阻尼:二階系統與共振 - 在 double integrator 上加: - **阻尼 b**(像避震器):把能量慢慢消耗掉。 - **彈簧 k**:把系統拉回原點 → 出現振盪(共振)。 - 轉到變換域後,方程式變成 **多項式比值**(傳遞函數),二階情況可用**二次公式**解根。 - 調 b、k: - b 小:振盪時間長(ring 很久)。 - b 大:很快收斂,甚至**不振盪**直接回穩。 - 提高「自然頻率」:收斂更快,但設計要小心。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkdW94DxZe.png) ### 補償、負阻尼與正回授 - 若對原本的 b、k 不滿意,可以在控制器裡加「等效阻尼/彈簧」→ **補償(compensation)**。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJWGhVPebx.png) - 想像:在模型中加上自己設計的 B、K 來改變總行為。 - 須注意: - 若「不小心正好取消掉」自然阻尼 → 變成永遠振盪。(臨界穩定) - 若再多減一些,變成「負阻尼」 → 相當於正回授,振幅爆炸。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryhOh4DxZg.png) - **設計補償就好比在玩阻尼與增益的火**,做錯就有可能從穩定變成發散(例:車諾比)。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJ11jNwxZx.png) ### Bode 圖 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Syyt04wxWl.png) - 一般閉迴路轉移函數有一個共同分母:$1 + P(s)C(s)$。 - 當 $P(s)C(s) = -1$(大小 = 1,角度 = -180°)→ 分母為 0 。 - 若只用位置回授、沒速度資訊: - 「增益越大」不等於越好,可能只是讓系統**以更高頻率更激烈地振盪**。 - 人類抓球的例子: - 眼睛只看到一連串「位置影像」,大腦透過多次量測 + 時間戳記 → 推算出**速度(微分)**。 - 控制裡也會用「**近似微分電路**」從位置估出速度 → 提升穩定性(增加相位餘裕)。 ### 觀測器與 Digital Twin - 現實中問題: - 不能量所有狀態(量不到速度、內部應力…)。 - 物理系統比我們的模型複雜很多。 - 方法:**建立模擬模型,平行跑在真實系統旁邊**: - 模型輸出 vs 真實輸出 → 比較誤差 → 調整模型參數, - 讓模型逐漸變成「真實系統的影子」= **digital twin(數位孿身)**。 - 好處: - 模型內部可以「看到」很多實際量不到的狀態。 - 控制器可以用這些內部估計值來做更好的控制(概念接近 observer)。 ### 最佳化與機器學習 - **最佳化(Optimization)**: - 有系統模型 + 「成本或效益函數」(如能量、時間、誤差、金錢…)。 - 電腦調參數(增益、阻尼、權重…),讓成本最小/效益最大。 - 人類的 tuning(手調參數)其實就是在「腦內做最佳化」。 - **機器學習(ML)**: - 用最佳化來調「參數很多的模型」。 - 幾乎都需要**大量數據**。 - **AI**: - 指用**深度類神經網路**(多層 hidden layer 的 NN)做 ML。 - 適合:很難用物理方程清楚建模的問題(例如:視覺)。 - 關鍵觀念: - 物理、科學知識越多,模型參數越少、學習更快、資料需求更少。 - 不要盲信單一「神奇模型」,要懂得選擇適合的建模方式。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rk_LbHweWx.png)

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