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    --- title: Ethereum Staking 漫游指南 tags: Staking, Ethereum, Talk description: View the slide with "Slide Mode". --- # Ethereum Staking 漫游指南 ### Zeqing Guo, HashKey Capital --- - Staking 概览 - Staking 服务提供商 - 分布式验证技术 DVT - LSD 协议 - Restaking 协议 - 实战之 Solo Staking 折腾经验分享 --- # Staking 概览 --- 两把[密钥](https://beaconcha.in/validators) --- 等待时间,每个区块 16 个 deposit 和 withdraw --- 每个 Epoch (大概 6 分钟)提交一次 Attestation,需要准时提交,延迟提交有惩罚(轻微),一个 Epoch 提交两笔不同的会导致 slash 惩罚(严重) --- 收益:3.2%(CL)+1%(EL)=4.2% --- 收益相关的[问题](https://beaconcha.in/relays#t31d):EL 收益不平均对 solo staker 的伤害 --- 总结 - 进入与退出有等待时间且质押以太坊无法流动 - Staking 服务商、LSD 与 restaking - 4.2% 左右的无风险收益 - 新链上基底收益 - Attestation 与 slash 的 trade-off - 任由 validator 宕机 - DVT --- # Staking 与 LSD --- <iframe width=850px height=450p src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vSL-NpOrBYjQkVGOYpc1qz7tbPMjNw9ey5NK8cV_FXAZxS5cWq4VhxfrBTNthsrXr4PYxdDkVsPrp6n/pubhtml?widget=true&amp;headers=false"></iframe> 数据来自:https://dune.com/hildobby/eth2-staking --- ## Staking 服务的创新方向 - 提供节点运维服务 Operator 的去中心化:是否有更多的无准入 operator 方案出现? - 降低参与门槛: - rocket pool 的 <del>16</del> 8 个 ETH 的最低门槛能否进一步降低? - Restaking --- ## 案例一:RocketPool - 16 ETH -> 8 ETH - 16 ETH, 1.6 ETH - 24 ETH 等值的 RPL - 8 ETH, 2.4 ETH - 12 ETH 等值的 RPL - 节点将获得质押收益的 20% - 螺旋上升/螺旋下降式的经济模型 --- ## LSD 代币的创新方向 - 是否有更好的流动性方案 - 是否有对 staking lego 更为友好更为创新的代币设计 - 是否有办法提升流动性挖矿资本利用率 - 更复杂的衍生品设计 --- ## 案例二:Frax 如何改进流动性 - 将受益代币分为两个不同的币:frxETH 和 sfrxETH,用补贴维持两个代币的受益平衡 - frxETH 没有共识层受益,但是 frxETH/ETH 享受 curve/ convex 的流动性激励 - sfrxETH 获得更高的共识层受益 & mev - frxETH 和 ETH 存在空气铸币 - 类似 frax/3crv 的池子,凭空增发 frxETH 到 curve 的 frxETH/ETH 池子 - 增发的 frxETH 无法被提出砸盘,只用于提供流动性 --- ## 案例二:Frax 如何改进流动性 空气铸币的好处 - 让协议捕获代币溢价 - DeFi Summer 时期的 DAI 与 PSM - 让流动性翻倍 - 本质是因为 curve 是一个对称流动性的模型 --- ## 提升流动性挖矿资本利用率 - 考虑到所有 LSD 代币(非 rebase wrap 版本)的价格一定是长期小于 ETH - 所以 curve 的对称流动性模型并不适合为 LSD 代币提供流动性,因此才有 Frax 的别扭凭空铸币方案 - 类似 uniswap v3 的模型则更有优势,但是 uniswap 不愿意做流动性激励,bunni - LSD 流动性战争或许影响到 dex 的格局 --- ## LSD 中更复杂的衍生品设计 - agilitylsd - 为低流动性的 LSD 提供流动性 - 抵押 LSD 借贷 - 集成了 ve 机制以分配流动性 - Pendle - 将未来利率收益(YT)与本金(PT)分开分别交易 - 比如,当前 365 天后兑现的 stETH 的 PT 价格为 0.97 ETH,YT 价格为 0.03 ETH --- # DVT --- - 回顾:Attestation 与 slash 的 trade-off - 稳定、可靠与搭建方便是 DVT 最重要的考核指标 - SSV - operator 与 staker 分开 - operator 形成市场,staker 提出需求,operator 匹配需求,类似 filecoin - Obol - 可自由搭配 - KZG ceremony 生成私钥 - 经济机制未定 --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/y9ixIQS.png) Obol dashboard --- # Restaking --- 类似比特币的联合挖矿——矿工的机器可以同时挖比特币和狗狗币,那矿工有动力赚两份钱 Operator 运维的以太坊节点也恰恰是跨链桥、预言机、L2 节点需要的,因此 re-staking 可以用来帮助 operator 提升其节点的收益率 --- Re-staking 的影响 - ETH Operator:100% 欢迎,因为增加了他们的收入 - 项目方:有利有弊 - 利:帮助项目冷启动,且让项目的 staking 方案更加安全 - 弊:项目自身的代币作为 staking 的功能属性大大削弱 - 社区:有利有弊 - 利:可能出现 PoS lego - 弊:没有共享 PoS 共识的安全性,但是共享了所有 PoS 协议的危险性 --- # 实战之 Solo Staking 折腾经验分享 --- ## 1. 如何选服务器? --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/X5KsHlu.png) Source: [prysm](https://docs.prylabs.network/docs/install/install-with-script) --- 家庭自建 :house: - 成本低,每月开销能在 50 刀以内 - 运行稳定性差 - 要了解好自家的宽带环境与宽带成本 - Attestation Effectiveness: ~95% --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/mxzhSZ5.jpg) Source: [Facebook](https://m.facebook.com/ProgrammersCreateLife/photos/a.241809332534619/5984818504900311/) --- VPS/dedicated server :desktop_computer: - 成本中等,每月开销在 100 刀左右 - 运行稳定性更高 - Hetzner 上面时不时有捡便宜的机器 - Attestation Effectiveness: ~99% --- Cloud :cloud: - 成本高,每月开销 500 刀以上 - 运行最稳定 - Attestation Effectiveness: ~99% --- 混合模式 - Cloud + dedicated server - 家庭服务器 + dedicated server --- ## 2. 选客户端 - 客户端多样性 https://clientdiversity.org/ - 考虑多样性的前提下,以自己舒服使用为主 - 假设有主备两个机器的话,两台机器可以选两个不同的客户端 --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/GqTNVag.png) 一般每个 validator 节点可以跑 100 个 validator,也就是 3200 个 ETH --- ## 3. 配置 - 可以参考这个[教程](https://github.com/metanull-operator/eth2-ubuntu) - 可以现在测试网测试,测试网 attestation 只有 88% 左右是正常现象 - 校准服务器时间 - 同步太慢可使用 [sync from a checkpoint](https://docs.prylabs.network/docs/prysm-usage/checkpoint-sync) - MEV-boost 可参考这个 [list](https://github.com/eth-educators/ethstaker-guides/blob/main/MEV-relay-list.md) 和 relayers 过去的[表现](https://beaconcha.in/relays) - MEV-boost 开启 `-min-bid`,可以考虑设置为 `0.02/0.03` --- ## 4. 运维 - 积极升级 EL 和 CL 客户端到最新版本 - EL 和 CL 升级要重新追块,大概需要几分钟,如果 validator 客户端开了多台机器,可以依次升级,防止 miss 出现 - 未来 DVT 成熟后,可以考虑使用 DVT - 谨慎迁移机器,如果要迁移,考虑导入原机器数据库,或者等待 15 分钟后再在新机器上启动 - 善用 beaconchain 的 app 与 grafana - grafana 用来做监控 - beaconchain 用来看收入与备份监控(因为不太稳定) --- # Thanks Q&A

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