吳宗恩
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    # 快速排序法 Quick Sort ## 簡介 這是快速排序法(Quick Sort),其時間複雜度為最佳 $O(n \log n)$,最差 $O(n^2)$,而平均情況下是 $O(n \log n)$。 ## 運作原理 快速排序法的運作原理 快速排序是一種基於分治法的排序算法,它將一個陣列分成兩個子陣列,然後遞迴排序這些子陣列。基本思路是: 1.選擇基準元素(Pivot):從陣列中選擇一個元素作為基準元素。 2.分區操作:將陣列重新排列,使得所有比基準元素小的元素在它的左邊,所有比基準元素大的元素在它的右邊。 3.遞迴:對基準元素左右的子陣列進行相同的操作,直到陣列變得有序。 ## 時間複雜度 * 最佳情況:每次分區操作都將陣列平均分割,這時的時間複雜度為 $O(n \log n)$。 * 最差情況:如果每次選擇的基準元素是當前子陣列的最大或最小元素(例如,已排序的陣列),則每次分區後的兩個子陣列分割不均,時間複雜度會退化為 $O(n^2)$。 * 平均情況:隨機選擇基準元素能夠大幅減少最差情況的發生機率,因此平均時間複雜度為 $O(n \log n)$。 ## 優缺點 * 優點: * 平均情況下,快速排序表現非常好,且時間複雜度為 $O(n \log n)$。 * 在內部排序中,它是原地排序的,因此不需要額外的空間,空間複雜度是 $O(\log n)$(遞迴所需的空間)。 * 缺點: * 最差情況是 $O(n^2)$,但這可以通過隨機選擇基準元素來減少發生的機會。 * 快速排序是不穩定的排序,即相同值的元素可能會改變相對順序。 ## Code ```cpp= mt19937 mt; int partition(vector<int> &v, int front, int end) { uniform_int_distribution<int> dis(front, end); int rnd = dis(mt), k = v[rnd]; swap(v[rnd], v[end]); int p = front; for(; front < end; front++) { if(v[front] < k) swap(v[front], v[p++]); } swap(v[p], v[end]); return p; } void quicksort(vector<int> &v, int front, int end) { if(front < end) { int pivot = partition(v, front, end); quicksort(v, front, pivot - 1); quicksort(v, pivot + 1, end); } } // quicksort(v, 0, v.size() - 1) ```

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