Ihsin Chen
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    # 近代世界的形成 清大 110 年上學期期末考 馬文英 ### 一、填充題 (30%) #### 1. **1917 年俄國共產黨在哪個地方發動首都革命 ?** 聖彼得堡 **1919 年則成立哪個組織作為共產黨的總體?** 第三國際 **1923 年為了符合組織章程更改國名 " USSR " 的 R 是什麼 ?** Republics #### 2. **馬丁路德翻譯聖經為德文,其德文譯本是聖經的哪一部分 ? (聖經分成兩大部分)** 新約 **其宗教改革成功的一大因素是因為十五世紀德國哪個人的印刷術 ? ( 印刷術名稱)** 約翰尼斯古騰堡、活字印刷術 #### 3. **1814、15 年維也納會議目的是在消弭哪個人對歐洲的影響 ?** 拿破崙 **維也納會議主持人的名字 ?** 梅特涅 * 最後會統整成法蘭西政治體 #### 4. ( 必考 ) **1534 年英國國會通過哪個法案規定英國國王必須兼領英國國教的宗教領袖 ?** 最高統領法 **1673 年哪個王儲違反了該法案改信天主教 ?** 詹姆士二世 ( James II ) **英國國會因此通過了什麼法案規定政府官員必須信仰英國國教 ?** 檢定條例 **這個規定嚴重影響了哪個地區民眾的利益 ?** 愛爾蘭 **1679 年英國國會為了王儲信仰討論什麼法案,哪個政黨獲勝、衍生出兩黨制 ?** 王位繼承拒斥法、托利黨 ( Tory ),失敗的政黨是輝格黨 **1688 年哪個法案重新確認英國國王必須信仰英國國教 ?** 權利法案 #### 5. **因為民族主義,中古後期因為君權集中而崇尚什麼法 ?** 羅馬法 **政治上則鼓吹什麼學說 ?** 父權政治理論 #### 6. ( 必考 ) **1820 年美國各州達成什麼協議、規定以北緯幾度幾分為界區分禁奴和蓄奴州 ?** 密蘇里協議、36度 30分 **位在此線以北獨立的州是什麼州 ?** 緬因州 #### 7. **十六世紀宗教改革,當時有日耳曼民族教會之稱的是哪個 ?** 路德教會 **被德國學者稱該教會是新教的倫理精神的是哪個 ?** 喀爾文教派 **近代這些新的宗教組織,他們都有什麼樣的特色 ?** 路德 : 強調內心信念、人因信而生。 喀爾文 : 預選說、強調入世苦行的精神。 #### 8. **哪個殖民地被稱作英王王冠上最璀璨的珠寶 ?** 印度 **英國到該殖民地有兩條路線,一條是打敗哪個國家的殖民者才取得非洲南端的哪個地點 ?** 打敗荷蘭人拿到開普敦好望角 **另外一條則是跟法國爭取了哪個地方,這個地方很重要的運河叫做 ?** 蘇伊士運河 #### 9. **15 世紀來自西亞的蒙古人在印度建立的最後一個王朝叫 ?** 蒙兀兒王朝 **這個王朝的宗教信仰是 ?** 伊斯蘭教 #### 10. **1878 年柏林會議是要解決列強在哪個地方的利益衝突 ?** 巴爾幹半島 **唯一沒有獲得土地利益的是 ?** 德國 **1884、85 年柏林會議解決哪個地區的列強衝突 ?** 中非剛果河流域 **現代最早進入這個地區掠奪資源的歐洲國家是哪一個 ?** 十五世紀 葡萄牙 ( 不確定 ) #### 11. **1767 年英國向北美爭取數項進口稅,被稱為什麼條例 ?** 湯森條例 **雖然人民抗議而取消茶葉稅,英國決定嚴懲,北美各界到哪個地方召開大陸會議 ?** 費城 **沒有參加大陸會議的是 ?** 喬治亞 #### 12. **中古時期天主教會大分裂是起源於 ... 的教皇克里蒙五世,被法王軟禁在哪一個地方 ?** 亞維農 **當時候跟法國站在同個陣線的國家 ? 或對立陣營的國家 ? (舉一個國家)** 同陣線 : 蘇格蘭 對立面 : 葡萄牙、英國 #### 13. **法國在第四共和時期爆發的兩次殖民戰爭分別是哪兩個地方 ?** 印度支那半島、阿爾及利亞 ### 二、 申論題 (40%) ( 三題選兩題考 ) #### 1. 列舉新帝國主義相關的理論,並擇一寫有道理或沒有道理 19 世紀初,隨著新帝國主義興起,歐洲列強紛紛向外拓展殖民地, 而關於新帝國主義有以下這幾種理論 : - **經濟說** : 工業革命帶來過剩資本,而國內的投資飽和,因此應多向海外投資。 - **政治說** : 普法戰爭後兩國間關係緊張,德國鼓勵法國向海外發展殖民地,藉此暫緩法國對德國的復仇情緒,一方面又能製造英法殖民衝突。 - **民族主義說** : 十九世紀中葉,民族主義氛圍高漲,歐洲各國在形成民族國家後,對民族自尊和國家榮譽要求增強,藉由佔領殖民地顯示其民族的富強和優越。 - **人類天性侵略說** : 認為侵略和主宰是人性的原始傾向。 - **非西方地區排外說** : 非西方地區太過排外,導致西方地區必須動用軍事、經濟力量干預他們。 - **社會達爾文主義** : 優勝劣敗、適者生存。 - **開發落後民族的使命** : 認為開發落後民族、為其謀求福祉是白種人的負擔和使命。 我認為社會達爾文主義是有道理的,因為人本是不公平的,總是會有人擁有較多資源和天賦、勢必會擠壓到某些弱勢族群的生存空間,但這不該成為我們理所當然壓榨別人的理由。 #### 2. 1648 年威斯特伐利亞合約的內容和影響 威斯特伐利亞合約的簽訂,象徵著歐洲因宗教戰爭帶來的動盪時期畫上句點,其主要的內容有 : - 通過帝國基本法,其內容為 : 皇帝未經帝國議會同意,對內不得擅自立法徵稅、對外不得宣戰、締盟。而諸侯在不違反皇帝及國家利益的前提則可對外宣戰、締盟。 - 喀爾文教派、路德教派和羅馬教會享有平等地位。 - 荷蘭、瑞士獨立。 而該合約對歐洲國家帶來的影響有 : - 象徵歐洲一統的結束,列國制度與國際法得到發展機會。 - 德意志陷入封建分裂時代,導致其統一延宕二世紀之久。 - 德過和西班牙的衰弱及法國的崛起。 該條約使的歐洲國家間的侵略戰爭得到遏制、反對干預別國內政的準則得到認可。 #### 3. 14 世紀民族王國興起的歷史背景有哪些 14 世紀民族主義的觀念興起,其特色諸如中央集權的政府、支薪的軍隊官員以及全國通用的法律制度等等,而其興起的背景有下列幾項 : * 十字軍東征 : 該事件帶來的影響有東方的君主專制觀念及行政技術傳入西方;帶來的商業與交通發展;導致封建貴族沒落。 * 中產階級的興起。 * 戰術的革新 : 步兵取代騎兵、輔以長弓手。 * 火藥傳入歐洲。 * 羅馬法的復興 : 尊君理論興起,及國王制定法律、人民遵從。 * 政治新說產生 : 父權政治理論興起,國王即政治上的父親。 以上幾點都促成了歐洲各國開始建立君權集中的民族國家。

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