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    # 2019q1 Homework3 (review) contributed by `warrenanson` ## 作業要求 從 第 1 週, 第 2 週, 第 3 週(上), 第 3 週(下), 第 4 週(上), 第 4 週(下) 選出你感興趣的 3 個題組進行作答,並且回答附帶的「延伸問題」 ## 第一周(測驗2) ### 題目 考慮到以下程式碼: ```clike #include <stdint.h> #define ALIGN_uint32(x, a) __ALIGN_MASK(x, ((uint32_t)(a)) - 1) #define __ALIGN_MASK(x, mask) (((x) + (mask)) & ~(mask)) ``` 這是 data alignment 的巨集,data alignment 的意思是,data 的 address 扣除 base address 後 (也就是 offset) 可被 1, 2, 4, 8 等等這些數字整除,從這些數字可以發現他們都是 2^N^ (N 為從 0 開始的整數)。換句話說,這些 data object 可以用 1, 2, 4, 8 byte 去 alignment * 電腦處理器如何抓取資料呢?CPU 不會一次只抓取 1 byte 的資料,因為這樣太慢了,如果有個資料型態是 int 的 資料,如果你只抓取 1 byte ,就必須要抓 4 次 (假設 int 資料寬度為 4 byte),相當不理想。所以 CPU 傾向一次擷取 4 byte(實際看硬體規格而定,32 位元的 cpu 一次可以讀取 32 bit 的資料,64 位元一次可以讀取 64 bit),並按照順序取的。舉例來說: * 第一次取: bit 0 ~ bit 3 * 第二次取: bit 4 ~ bit 7 ![](https://i.imgur.com/aDCYyWc.png) 所以如果你的資料是分布在 bit 1 ~ bit 4 那還是會 * 第一次取 byte 0 ~ byte 3,再去除 bye 0 的資料,留下 byte 1 ~ byte 3 * 第二次取 byte 4 ~ byte 7,並去除 byte 5 ~ byte 7 的資料,留下 byte 4 * 再將 byte 1 ~ 3 和 byte 4 整合為 32-bit ![](https://i.imgur.com/wIfEVy9.png) 由於資料分布不在 4 的倍數,導致了存取速度降低,編譯器在分配記憶體時,就會按照宣告的型態去做 alignment ,例如 int 就是 4 byte alignment。 考慮 4-byte boundary,當 x 是 `0x1006`, a 是 `4`, 那麼 `ALIGN(x, a)` 會得到什麼數值? ==作答區== X = ? * `(a)` 0x1000 * `(b)` 0x1004 * `(c)` 0x1008 * `(d)` 0x100b * `(e)` 0x1010 ### 作答 實際將程式碼完整化再執行 ```c #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> #define ALIGN_uint32(x, a) __ALIGN_MASK(x, ((uint32_t)(a)) - 1) #define __ALIGN_MASK(x, mask) (((x) + (mask)) & ~(mask)) int main() { printf("%x\n",ALIGN_uint32(0x1006,4)); return 0; } ``` 得到之結果為 1008 先分析 Macro ```c define ALIGN_uint32(x, a) (((x) + (((uint32_t)(a)) - 1)) & ~((((uint32_t)(a)) - 1) ) ) ``` 將 ALIGN_uint32(0x1006,4)) 帶入 ``` (( 0x1006 + 3 ) & ~(3) ) ``` 轉換為二進位 ``` ‭ 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 1001 & ‬‭1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1100‬ ``` 兩個數字做 & ``` ‭0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 1000‬ ``` 結果為 1008

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