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    # CPU 指令流 & 資料流 ### 名詞介紹 - Scalar ==純量==,又稱標量,是只有大小沒有方向的量,所以可以用實數表示一個量。 - ALU ==算數邏輯單元==(Arithmetic Logic Unit, ALU),是中央處理器的執行單元,是所有中央處理器的核心組成部分,由及閘和或閘構成的算數邏輯單元,主要功能是進行二進位的算術運算,如加減乘(不包括整數除法)。基本上,在所有現代CPU體系結構中,二進位都以二補數的形式來表示。 - SISD ==單指令單資料流==(Single instruction, single data) ,每個指令部件每次僅解碼一條指令,而且在執行時僅為操作部件提供一份資料。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/vl1Stu1.png) - SIMD ==單指令多資料流==(Single Instruction Multiple Data) ,是一種採用一個控制器來處理多個處理器,同時對一組資料(又稱「資料向量」)中的每一個分別執行相同的操作,從而實現空間上的並列性的技術。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/8iIxOPB.png) - MISD ==多指令流單資料流==(Multiple Instruction stream Single Datastream, MISD),MISD具有n個處理單元,按n條不同指令的要求對同一資料流及其中間結果進行不同的處理。一個處理單元的輸出又作為另一個處理單元的輸入。 - MIMD ==多指令流多資料流==(Multiple Instruction Stream Multiple Data Stream),是使用多個控制器來異步地控制多個處理器,從而實現空間上的並行性的技術。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/R8578LC.png) - SPMD ==單一程式多資料==(Single Program Multiple Data, SPMD),一個單一程式執行在所有的處理器上。 - AVX ==進階向量延伸==(Advanced Vector Extension, AVX),支援四個同時的64bit浮點數運作。 - 費林分類法 |資料流 / 指令流| 單指令流 | 多指令流 | |:-----------:|:---------:|:----------:| | 單資料流 |單指令單資料流|多指令單資料流| | 多資料流 |單指令多資料流|多指令多資料流| ### 向量指令 #### 特質: * 單一向量指令代表了大量的工作,這相等於執行一整個迴圈,指令擷取和解碼頻寬的需求大量地減少。 * 經由使用向量指令,每一項結果的計算都與相同向量中其他的結果計算是獨立的,所以在向量指令中硬體不必檢查數據危障的問題。 * 兩個向量指令之間,硬體之需對每個向量運算元,進行一次數據危障的檢查,而非對向量裡每一個元素。 * 因為一整個迴圈都被預先決定的向量指令所取代,通常由迴圈分支指令引起的控制為障問題是不存在的。

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