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    # 消費者行為期末考 ## 第五章 > 消費者的購買決策可以分為哪三個種類 * 例行決策:指消費者涉入的程度很低;制定決策所花費的時間很短;所購買的產品往往是經常性與低成本的產品或服務;在資訊搜集上,通常只願投入很少的精力。 * 廣泛決策:指消費者的涉入程度很高;制定決策所花的時間很長;在資訊搜集上會投入大量的精力;所考慮的替代方案數量也很多。 * 有限決策:介於例行決策與廣泛決策者之間。 > 消費者購買決策的程序 * ![](https://i.imgur.com/3dYNaIF.jpg) > 資訊的來源 * 體驗來源:消費者個人親身體驗所獲取的資訊。 * 人脈來源:消費者經由人際關係所得到的訊息。 * 公共來源:來自於交易以外的客觀第三者所提供的訊息。 > 知曉集合三種 * 喚引集合:針對某一產品類,消費者心目中所知道並可能購買的替代品集合。 * 失當集合:指消費者雖然知道,但不可能去購買的品牌集合。 * 呆滯集合:品牌沒有特色,被消費者認為沒有差異。 > 購買決策類型 * 基本購買決策:決定是否要採取購買行為來滿足其需要。 * 產品類別決策:決定若要購買的產品類別。 * 品牌購買決策:決定所要購買的品牌。 * 通路購買決策:決定所要購買產品的通路與定點。 * 支持決策:決定所要購買的數量,進行購買的時間,以及交易條件。 > 計畫性購買、非計畫性購買、衝動性購買 * 計畫性購買:深思熟慮後的結果。 * 非計畫性購買:臨時起意的購買行為。 * 衝動性購買:指一個人所無法抗拒的突發性購買衝動。 > 認知失調 * 指消費者購買後,經歷認知行為與價值或見解間的不一致,而所產生的精神緊張。 ## 第六章 > 動機是甚麼 * 指一種個人內在的驅力,這種驅力使人們採取行動。 > 馬斯洛需求五項定義 * 生理需要:最低層也是最需要的,即生理需求。 * 安全需要:指心理上及肉體上的安全,例如穩定性、熟悉性、可預測性,以及可控制性。 * 社會需要:一個人所需要的關愛、歸屬以及被接納。 * 自尊他尊需要:自尊是指一個人有自我接納、自我尊重、追求成功等;他尊則是一個人對聲望、名譽、地位以及別人認同的追求。 * 自我實現的需要:指一個人在追求成為其潛力充分發揮下所能變成的人。 > 消費者的挫折處理 * 攻擊、合理化、退化、撤回、遷怒、自我逃避主義、認同、壓抑。 > 涉入的影響因素 * 先前經驗、興趣、風險、情境、社會外顯性。 ## 第七章 > 何謂價值 * 指一種持續性的信念,認為某種行為模式優於另一種行為模式。 > 常見的人口統計變數 * 年齡、性別、種族、地理區域、教育、職業、宗教、以及所得。 ## 第八章 > 文化的定義 * 文化是個人過去所學到的價值、規範、態度與其他有意義符號的綜合體。 > 文化的共通性 * 後天性:文化是經由後天學習所得來的。 * 共享性:同一文化下的人們具有相同的價值、信念與生活方式。 * 約束性:文化隱含著某些規範與行為準則,以防範成員的可能偏差行為。 * 調適性:當環境變遷時,文化也會隨之改變。 * 普及性:日常生活無時無刻不被文化所影響。 * 層級性:大群體的文化往往影響著其所包含的小群體文化。 > 常見的消費儀式 * 穿戴儀式、送禮儀式、假日儀式、擁有儀式、剝奪儀式。 ## 第九章 > 主要群體的定義 * 只和消費者互動比較密切的直接群體,包括家人、親友、較密切的同事。 > 參考群體的影響方式 * ![](https://i.imgur.com/6YWyqtm.png) > 什麼是意見領袖 * 指一些能影響他人態度或意見,也就是在非正式的溝通中,就某一特定的產品或服務類別,就能提供建議與資訊的一群人。 > 廣告或行銷透過名人分為哪四種 * 證言、背書、演員、代言人。 ## 第十章 > 家庭決策的類型 * 妻子主宰型、丈夫主宰型、孩子主宰型、共同主宰型、個自主宰型、交叉主宰型。 > 家庭購買角色 * 發起者、守門者、影響者、決策者、購買者、使用者、維護者、處分者。 > 家庭衝突與影響因素 * 人際關係的需求、產品的涉入程度與效用、責任的分擔、權力的關係。

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