蔡秀吉
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    ## 引起 VAP 最常見的病原體(Most common pathogens for VAP) ### 革蘭氏陽性菌(Gram-positive bacteria) Staphylococcus aureus(staph. aureus) 金黃色葡萄球菌:為非常常見可能會導致 VAP 的病原體,另外還有像是: * MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus) * ORSA (oxacillin resistant staphylococcus aureus) ### 革蘭氏陰性菌(Gram-negative bacteria) * Pseudomonas aeruginosa * E. coli * Klebsiella pneumoniae * enterobacteriaceae spp. * serratia spp. ## VAP的預防措施 (Preventive measures against VAP) * 規律的口腔清潔/照護,例如使用 chlorhexidine. * 每日中斷鎮靜和自主呼吸測試(Sedations breaks and spontaneous breathing trials):daily sedation interruption to keep the people awake let them breathe spontaneously and assess Readiness to extubation daily exactly spontaneous breathing trials. * 提早/早期下床活動 (Early mobilization) * 聲門下分泌物引流 (Subglottic secretions drainage) * [選擇性口腔或消化道減菌/清理 (Selective oral decontamination)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3970764/):是指只在口咽部使用抗生素糊劑,而不使用腸道或經驗性靜脈注射抗生素。 > 推薦閱讀:[預防呼吸器相關性肺炎組合式照護](http://www.tsim.org.tw/journal/jour28-1/04.PDF) ## 適用於治療呼吸器相關肺炎(VAP)的抗生素 Severe Ventilator associated pneumonia, What antibiotics would you use? ### Piperacillin/Tazobactam: * 是很適合的武器!已經大量的在臨床使用了,但希望2025年不要被**過度使用**。 * It's WHO Guidelines Approved * 需注意患者血小板減少症,雖不常見,但一旦發生,則患者會有嚴重自發性出血的風險。 ### Ampicillin/Sulbactam: * 可以被應用治療VAP;雖然這種藥能夠抑制的細菌種類相對較窄,但它對特定類型的細菌有很好的治療效果。 * 但通常對於**假單胞菌(Pseudomonas)** 和許多其他**革蘭氏陰性菌(Gram-negative bacteria)無效**,因為已經發展出對其的抗藥性了。 ### Ceftriaxone * Ceftriaxone 可作為治療 VAP 的單一抗生素療法。 * 有些人認為吸入性感染可能會有厭氧菌,所以會併用 Metronidazole,但這種做法並沒有得到臨床指南的支持。所以在沒有明確厭氧菌感染的情況下,單獨使用 Ceftriaxone 即可。 ### Brosym(Cefoperazone/Sulbactam) ### Recarbrio ## 不適合用於VAP的抗生素 * Azithromycin:add -on for community acquired pneumonia * penicillin G:其適合用於 community acquired pneumonia ### VAP重新評估的問題 A 50 year old patient comes in with OHCA due to acute coronary syndrome. After 3 days on the ICU he develops fever and his respiratory situation deteriorates rapidly. What are your next steps? * Perform a chest X-Ray or Chest-CT * Take bIood cultures and perform microbiological sampling ### 經驗性治療 (Empirical therapy of VAP) > 2024 德國最新指引 vs. 美國常規 [color=#275087] | 臨床情境 | 推薦首選或組合 | 備註 | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ | | **沒有休克 / MDR 風險低** | • **Piperacillin–tazobactam** 4.5 g q6h(或持續輸注)<br>• **Meropenem** 1 g q8h<br>• **Ceftriaxone** 2 g q24h | 三選一即可;療程先抓 7–8 天,48–72 h 依培養結果降階。 | | **休克 / 高度懷疑 MDR** | • **Meropenem** ± ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin 或 amikacin | 建議「至少雙打」抗綠膿桿;若本院 Pseudomonas 抗藥性高,可考慮加第三線。 | | **需 MRSA 涵蓋時** | **Vancomycin** 15 mg kg⁻¹ q12h 或 **Linezolid** 600 mg q12h | 僅在 MRSA 盛行或病人已知定殖時才加;德國低盛行區多不預設。 | | **美國常見做法** | • β‑lactam + aminoglycoside/fluoroquinolone(雙抗綠膿)<br>• 同步 + **Vancomycin/Linezolid**(預設 MRSA) | 美國 MRSA 發生率高,因此經驗性就三管齊下;與歐洲策略較保守形成對比。 | | **劑量提醒:** 不論方案都先給 **loading dose**(例:Pip/Taz 4.5 g),休克病人建議 β‑lactam **持續輸注+TDM** 以維持濃度 > MIC。 | | | ### Cefiderocol 新藥重點(「鐵馬」頭號後線武器) | 項目 | 核心資訊 | | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | **藥物類別** | **Cefiderocol** — siderophore cephalosporin(俗稱「特洛伊木馬」抗生素) | | **機轉** | 利用細菌鐵離子轉運通道進入胞內,迴避常見 β‑lactam 抗藥機制;對多數 **carbapenem‑resistant** *Acinetobacter*, *Pseudomonas*, *Klebsiella* 仍具活性。 | | **核准年份** | FDA 2019(台灣尚屬專案核准/個案進口)。 | | **臨床定位** | ▸ 對 **KPC、OXA‑48、NDM** 等 3/4‑MDR GN 菌株「前線藥全掛掉」時的 **救命後線**。<br>▸ 需根據感受性報告、ID 團隊評估使用;勿當第一線濫用,以避免快速產生新抗藥。 | | **注意事項** | • 價格昂貴,需院內審核。<br>• 仍可被部分特殊機制(e.g., ced‑R 變異、流出幫浦)抗藥,故治療期間務必追蹤培養。 | ### 參考資料 * [Piperacillin-Tazobactam 引起之血小板減少症](https://webapp.cgmh.org.tw/data/medic_data/B2003001.pdf) * [臺中榮總經驗性抗生素療法](https://www.vghtc.gov.tw/UploadFiles/WebFiles/WebPagesFiles/Files/5d71cb70-1004-4a77-8fc1-edfb636dac2d/%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E6%A6%AE%E7%B8%BD%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%82%E6%B3%9520230427%20NEW.pdf) * [非住院病人胸腔感染的抗菌治療](https://www.taiwan-pharma.org.tw/magazine/36/054-055.pdf) ### 其他問題 - Q:當你因為新敗血症,需要把抗生素從 ampicillin/sulbactam 升級成 piperacillin/tazobactam 時,還要不要先打 loading dose? - 講師 Ans:「絕對要!我一律會先給 4.5 g 的 loading dose,接著如果打算採用『持續輸注』模式,就在 loading 後馬上接上連續滴注。但不管是持續還是間歇,我都會先打 loading dose,這點很重要。」

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