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# Melodies in Arduino
This is the old version. The new version is here
https://hackmd.io/I0rOqB99RMGA62qFLcx1Vg
## Basics
```cpp=
void setup() {
tone(8, 440);
delay(805);
noTone(8);
delay(805);
}
void loop() {
}
```
```cpp=
void setup() {
tone(8, 440, 805);
delay(805);
tone(8, 0, 805);
delay(805);
}
void loop() {
}
```
Here we're
## The necessity of Arrays
We need 2 things
## First melody
This is a tutorial of how to create melodies in arduino
[Toc]
https://docs.arduino.cc/built-in-examples/digital/toneMelody
Connect the speaker to the 3.3V pin and the 8th pin.
## How it works
## Diada song
DiadaZeldaSong.ino
```cpp=
/*
Serial Event example
When new serial data arrives, this sketch adds it to a String.
When a newline is received, the loop prints the string and clears it.
A good test for this is to try it with a GPS receiver that sends out
NMEA 0183 sentences.
NOTE: The serialEvent() feature is not available on the Leonardo, Micro, or
other ATmega32U4 based boards.
created 9 May 2011
by Tom Igoe
This example code is in the public domain.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BuiltInExamples/SerialEvent
*/
#include"notes.h"
#include"zelda.h"
#include"sound.h"
String inputString = ""; // a String to hold incoming data
bool stringComplete = false; // whether the string is complete
bool startSound = false;
void setup() {
// initialize serial:
Serial.begin(9600);
// reserve 200 bytes for the inputString:
inputString.reserve(200);
}
void loop() {
decideAnswer();
if(startSound) {
sound();
}
}
/*
SerialEvent occurs whenever a new data comes in the hardware serial RX. This
routine is run between each time loop() runs, so using delay inside loop can
delay response. Multiple bytes of data may be available.
*/
void serialEvent() {
while (Serial.available()) {
// get the new byte:
char inChar = (char)Serial.read();
// add it to the inputString:
inputString += inChar;
// if the incoming character is a newline, set a flag so the main loop can
// do something about it:
if (inChar == '\n') {
stringComplete = true;
}
}
}
void decideAnswer(){
// print the string when a newline arrives:
if (stringComplete) {
Serial.print("You wrote: ");
Serial.println(inputString);
inputString.trim();
if(inputString.equalsIgnoreCase("start")) {
Serial.println("Playing");
startSound=true;
}
if(inputString.equalsIgnoreCase("stop")) {
Serial.println("Stopping...");
startSound=false;
}
// clear the string:
inputString = "";
stringComplete = false;
}
}
```
notes.h
```cpp=
#define NOTE_B0 31
#define NOTE_C1 33
#define NOTE_CS1 35
#define NOTE_D1 37
#define NOTE_DS1 39
#define NOTE_E1 41
#define NOTE_F1 44
#define NOTE_FS1 46
#define NOTE_G1 49
#define NOTE_GS1 52
#define NOTE_A1 55
#define NOTE_AS1 58
#define NOTE_B1 62
#define NOTE_C2 65
#define NOTE_CS2 69
#define NOTE_D2 73
#define NOTE_DS2 78
#define NOTE_E2 82
#define NOTE_F2 87
#define NOTE_FS2 93
#define NOTE_G2 98
#define NOTE_GS2 104
#define NOTE_A2 110
#define NOTE_AS2 117
#define NOTE_B2 123
#define NOTE_C3 131
#define NOTE_CS3 139
#define NOTE_D3 147
#define NOTE_DS3 156
#define NOTE_E3 165
#define NOTE_F3 175
#define NOTE_FS3 185
#define NOTE_G3 196
#define NOTE_GS3 208
#define NOTE_A3 220
#define NOTE_AS3 233
#define NOTE_B3 247
#define NOTE_C4 262
#define NOTE_CS4 277
#define NOTE_D4 294
#define NOTE_DS4 311
#define NOTE_E4 330
#define NOTE_F4 349
#define NOTE_FS4 370
#define NOTE_G4 392
#define NOTE_GS4 415
#define NOTE_A4 440
#define NOTE_AS4 466
#define NOTE_B4 494
#define NOTE_C5 523
#define NOTE_CS5 554
#define NOTE_D5 587
#define NOTE_DS5 622
#define NOTE_E5 659
#define NOTE_F5 698
#define NOTE_FS5 740
#define NOTE_G5 784
#define NOTE_GS5 831
#define NOTE_A5 880
#define NOTE_AS5 932
#define NOTE_B5 988
#define NOTE_C6 1047
#define NOTE_CS6 1109
#define NOTE_D6 1175
#define NOTE_DS6 1245
#define NOTE_E6 1319
#define NOTE_F6 1397
#define NOTE_FS6 1480
#define NOTE_G6 1568
#define NOTE_GS6 1661
#define NOTE_A6 1760
#define NOTE_AS6 1865
#define NOTE_B6 1976
#define NOTE_C7 2093
#define NOTE_CS7 2217
#define NOTE_D7 2349
#define NOTE_DS7 2489
#define NOTE_E7 2637
#define NOTE_F7 2794
#define NOTE_FS7 2960
#define NOTE_G7 3136
#define NOTE_GS7 3322
#define NOTE_A7 3520
#define NOTE_AS7 3729
#define NOTE_B7 3951
#define NOTE_C8 4186
#define NOTE_CS8 4435
#define NOTE_D8 4699
#define NOTE_DS8 4978
#define REST 0
```
sound.h
```cpp=
int tempo = 108;
int buzzer = 8;
// this calculates the duration of a whole note in ms
int wholenote = (60000 * 4) / tempo;
int divider = 0, noteDuration = 0;
long currentTime = 0;
long pastNote = 0;
int thisNote = 0;
void sound(){
currentTime = millis();
if (currentTime >= pastNote + noteDuration) {
pastNote = currentTime;
// calculates the duration of each note
divider = melody[thisNote + 1];
if (divider > 0) {
// regular note, just proceed
noteDuration = (wholenote) / divider;
} else if (divider < 0) {
// dotted notes are represented with negative durations!!
noteDuration = (wholenote) / abs(divider);
noteDuration *= 1.5; // increases the duration in half for dotted notes
}
tone(buzzer, melody[thisNote], noteDuration*0.9);
thisNote = thisNote + 2;
//Serial.println(thisNote);
if ( thisNote >= notes * 2 ) {
thisNote = 0;
noteDuration = 2000;
}
}
}
```
Pseucocode for sound
```
CURRENT_TIME = 0
PAST_NOTE = 0
THIS_NOTE = 0
DIVIDER = 0
NOTE_DURATION = 0
WHOLENOTE = 60000 * 4 / 108
sound()
CURRENT_TIME = checkTime() // millis()
PAST_NOTE = CURRENT_TIME
//currentTime = System.checkTime()
if CURRENT_TIME >= PAST_NOTE + NOTE_DURATION then
PAST_NOTE = CURRENT_TIME
DIVIDER = MELODY [THIS_NOTE +1]
if DIVIDER > 0 then
NOTE_DURATION = WHOLENOTE / DIVIDER
else if DIVIDER < 0
NOTE_DURATION = WHOLENOTE / DIVIDER
NOTE_DURATION = NOTE_DURATION * 1.5
end if
tone(MELODY[THIS_NOTE], NOTE_DURATION * 0.9)
THIS_NOTE = THIS_NOTE +2
if THIS_NOTE >= MELODY.LENGTH *2 then
THIS_NOTE = 0
NOTE_DURATION = REST_BETWEEN_MELODIES
end if
end if
return
```
```cpp=
// notes of the moledy followed by the duration.
// a 4 means a quarter note, 8 an eighteenth , 16 sixteenth, so on
// !!negative numbers are used to represent dotted notes,
// so -4 means a dotted quarter note, that is, a quarter plus an eighteenth!!
int melody[] = {
// Zelda's Lullaby - The Legend of Zelda Ocarina of Time.
// Score available at https://musescore.com/user/12754451/scores/2762776
NOTE_E4,2, NOTE_G4,4,
NOTE_D4,2, NOTE_C4,8, NOTE_D4,8,
NOTE_E4,2, NOTE_G4,4,
NOTE_D4,-2,
NOTE_E4,2, NOTE_G4,4,
NOTE_D5,2, NOTE_C5,4,
NOTE_G4,2, NOTE_F4,8, NOTE_E4,8,
NOTE_D4,-2,
NOTE_E4,2, NOTE_G4,4,
NOTE_D4,2, NOTE_C4,8, NOTE_D4,8,
NOTE_E4,2, NOTE_G4,4,
NOTE_D4,-2,
NOTE_E4,2, NOTE_G4,4,
NOTE_D5,2, NOTE_C5,4,
NOTE_G4,2, NOTE_F4,8, NOTE_E4,8,
NOTE_F4,8, NOTE_E4,8, NOTE_C4,2,
NOTE_F4,2, NOTE_E4,8, NOTE_D4,8,
NOTE_E4,8, NOTE_D4,8, NOTE_A3,2,
NOTE_G4,2, NOTE_F4,8, NOTE_E4,8,
NOTE_F4,8, NOTE_E4,8, NOTE_C4,4, NOTE_F4,4,
NOTE_C5,-2,
};
// sizeof gives the number of bytes, each int value is composed of two bytes (16 bits)
// there are two values per note (pitch and duration), so for each note there are four bytes
int notes = sizeof(melody) / sizeof(melody[0]) / 2;
```
## Songs to play
https://dragaosemchama.com/en/2019/02/songs-for-arduino/
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