分散式系統
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    # Paxos Made Live - An Engineering Perspective ## Abstract * 說明 google 在實作 Paxos 時所遇到的挑戰。 ## Background * 介紹chubby: * Chubby 是一個分散式的 lock service 且可以用來儲存一些小的文件。 * 一般而言 Chubby 會維護五個 replica。 * 詳細可以參考 [Chubby](https://ithelp.ithome.com.tw/articles/10224321)。 ## Architecture outline * 單個 Chubby replica 的架構 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1NVmpVgR.png) * API 的流程: * 如果 API 被trigger,Chubby 會利用 Paxos 讓各個 replica 紀錄的 log 達成一致,同時可以有很多個 Paxos 同時進行。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJBk4pVeA.png) ## On Paxos * 回顧 Paxos 原理,可以參考 [Paxos](https://ithelp.ithome.com.tw/articles/10220123)。 ## Algorithmic challenges ### disk corruption: * 硬碟錯誤會造成 Paxos 協議出現問題,可能違背它先前對其它副本所做的承諾(我猜測是acceptor ack 的部分)。 * 硬碟錯誤可能有兩種形式,文件內容被改變與無法存取。 * 文件內容被改變可以依靠維護文件的 checksum 解決。 * 無法存取則是在底層的檔案系統(GFS)針對該文件打上標記解決。 ### master lease: * 為了在實務上解決 Paxos 演算法可能需要過長時間才能解決共識的問題。 * 讓一個 master 持續足夠久的時間,而不是每發生一次短時間的 network partition 就重選一次 master。 ### epoch numbers ### Group membership ### Snapshots * 為了解決當 log 過長時,每次同步需要花費大量時間的問題。 * 當 log 累積到一定程度後,清除掉先前部分的 log,將其製成 snapshot,並利用 Paxos 將 snapshot 同步到其他的 replica。 ### Database transactions * 為了實現資料庫中 atomic 的 cas(compare and swap) 操作,google開發出了一種更general的架構叫 MultiOp 來解決這個問題。 * MultiOp 由三個部分組成,guard、t_op、f_op,我自己認為可以將其理解成廣義的三元運算子,也就是 $$ \text{condition ? true_operation : false_operation} $$。 * guard就是資料庫中的condition,可以用來檢查資料庫中的值是否符合某些條件。 * t_op就是如果guard成功執行,就執行t_op所包含的操作,f_op則是相反。 ## Software Engineering ### Expressing the algorithm effectively * 問題: 無法很輕易的去表達這種容錯演算法 * 解決方式: 將演算法使用狀態機表示 ### Runtime consistency checking * 問題: 很難在系統執行期發現錯誤 * 解決方式: 在程式碼中使用很多assert與在資料庫中建立各種驗證機制(例如: 使用checksum驗證資料庫中的資料與log是否衝突)。 ### Testing * 問題: 很難測試這個系統是否正確 * 解決方式: 針對系統進行一連串的隨機故障,並測試其行為是否符合預期。 ### Concurrency * 問題: 使用 concurrency 導致測試難以重現 * 解決方式: 沒解決,但提出如果測試要有可重現性,那就必須約束 concurrency 的使用。 ## Unexpected failures ## Measurements ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkyO0aEeR.png) ## Summary and open problems * > 現實系統的需求的與Paxos演算法的描述之間有很大的隔閡。為了建構現實的系統,專家需要使用分散在各種文獻中的許多思想,並做出一些較小的協議擴展。這些不斷累積的擴展會非常多,最後系統會基於一個未被證明的協定。 * > 容錯計算社群還沒有開發能使實現它們的演算法變得簡單的工具。 * > 容錯運算社群對測試沒有給予足夠的關注,這是建立容錯系統中關鍵的部分。 ## Reference <https://blog.mrcroxx.com/posts/paper-reading/paxos-made-live/>

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