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    # 2018q3 Homework4 (assessment) Contributed by < `littlepee` > - [第 4 週測驗題 (上)](https://hackmd.io/s/HyyxpJE5X) - [第 4 週測驗題 (中)](https://hackmd.io/s/Syl6me49Q) - [第 4 週測驗題 (下)](https://hackmd.io/s/By7Lwz4qm) ## 第 4 週測驗題 (上) 測驗1 考慮以下求絕對值的程式碼: ```C #include <stdint.h> int64_t abs64(int x) { if (x < 0) return -x; return x; } ``` 移除分支並善用[二補數](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement)特性,改寫為下方程式碼: ```C #include <stdint.h> int64_t abs64(int64_t x) { int64_t y = x >> (64 - 1); return (x ^ y) - y; } ``` int64_t 為 64 位元的有號數整數類型,最高位元便是 sign bit 。 `int64_t y = x >> (64 - 1);` 若 x 為正, sign bit 為 0 , 則 y = 00...000 正數做絕對值不會改變 `(x ^ y) - y = (x ^ 0) - 0 = x` 若 x 為負, sign bit 為 1 , 則 y = 11...111 負數再做絕對值時,要變成正數,而透過二補數的方法,將全部的 bits 反相,最後在加上 1 ,便可便成正數 `(x ^ 11...111) - 11...111` x xor 11...111 便是將 x 的全部 bits 做反相,`- 11...111` 為 -(-1) = +1 便將負數成功轉為正 --- ## 第 4 週測驗題 (中) 測驗2 考慮測試 C 編譯器 [Tail Call Optimization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_call) (TCO) 能力的程式 [tco-test](https://github.com/sysprog21/tco-test),在 gcc-8.2.0 中抑制最佳化 (也就是 `-O0` 編譯選項) 進行編譯,得到以下執行結果: ```shell $ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Wno-unused-parameter -O0 main.c first.c second.c -o chaining $ ./chaining No arguments: no TCO One argument: no TCO Additional int argument: no TCO Dropped int argument: no TCO char return to int: no TCO int return to char: no TCO int return to void: no TCO ``` 而在開啟最佳化 (這裡用 `-O2` 等級) 編譯,會得到以下執行結果: ```shell $ gcc -Wall -Wextra -Wno-unused-parameter -O2 main.c first.c second.c -o chaining $ ./chaining No arguments: TCO One argument: TCO Additional int argument: TCO Dropped int argument: TCO char return to int: no TCO int return to char: no TCO int return to void: TCO ``` 注意 [__builtin_return_address](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Return-Address.html) 是 gcc 的內建函式: > This function returns the return address of the current function, or of one of its callers. The level argument is number of frames to scan up the call stack. A value of 0 yields the return address of the current function, a value of 1 yields the return address of the caller of the current function, and so forth. When inlining the expected behavior is that the function returns the address of the function that is returned to. To work around this behavior use the noinline function attribute. > The level argument must be a constant integer. 從實驗中可發現下方程式無法對 `g` 函式施加 TCO: ```C void g(int *p); void f(void) { int x = 3; g(&x); } void g(int *p) { printf("%d\n", *p); } ``` 因為函式 `f` 的區域變數 `x` 在返回後就不再存在於 stack。考慮以下程式碼: ```C= int *global_var; void f(void) { int x = 3; global_var = &x; ... /* Can the compiler perform TCO here? */ g(); } ``` 思考程式註解,在第 8 行能否施加 TCO 呢?選出最適合的解釋。 ==作答區== * `(a)` 編譯器不可能施加 TCO * `(b)` 編譯器一定可施加 TCO * `(c)` 只要函式 `g` 沒有對 `global_var` 指標作 dereference,那麼 TCO 就有機會 --- ## 第 4 週測驗題 (下) 測驗3 ### 測驗 `3` 以下程式碼編譯並執行後,在 x86_64 GNU/Linux 會遇到記憶體存取錯誤: ```shell $ cat ptr.c int main() { int *ptr = 0; return *ptr; } $ gcc -o ptr ptr.c $ ./ptr Segmentation fault: 11 ``` 分別考慮以下 4 個程式,探討其行為。 - [ ] `ptr1.c` ```C int main() { return *((int *) 0); } ``` K1 = ? * `(a)` `ptr1.c` 在執行時期會造成 Segmentation fault * `(b)` 對於 `ptr1.c`, C 語言規格書聲明這是 undefined behavior 或者語法錯誤 * `(c)` `ptr1.c` 是合法 C 程式,在執行後可透過 `echo $?` 得到 exit code 為 `0` 答案為 ( a ) `(int *) 0` 為 NULL pointer ,型態為 pointer to int 而不能 dereference a NULL pointer ,否則會發生 Segmentation fault --- - [ ] `ptr2.c` ```C int main() { return &*((int *) 0); } ``` K2 = ? * `(a)` `ptr2.c` 在執行時期會造成 Segmentation fault * `(b)` 對於 `ptr2.c`, C 語言規格書聲明這是 undefined behavior 或者語法錯誤 * `(c)` `ptr2.c` 是合法 C 程式,在執行後可透過 `echo $?` 得到 exit code 為 `0` 答案為 ( c ) - C99規格書 [6.5.3.3] 註記 84: - 84) Thus, &*E is equivalent to E (even if E is a null pointer), and &(E1[E2]) to ((E1)+(E2)). It is always true that if E is a function designator or an lvalue that is a valid operand of the unary & operator, *&E is a function designator or an lvalue equal to E. If *P is an lvalue and T is the name of an object pointer type, *(T)P is an lvalue that has a type compatible with that to which T points. &*((int *) 0) 相等於 (int *) 0 return (int *) 0 就相等於 return 0 因此為合法的 c 程式 - [ ] `ptr3.c` ```C #include <stddef.h> int main() { return &*NULL; } ``` K3 = ? * `(a)` `ptr3.c` 在執行時期會造成 Segmentation fault * `(b)` 對於 `ptr3.c`, C 語言規格書聲明這是 undefined behavior 或者語法錯誤 * `(c)` `ptr3.c` 是合法 C 程式,在執行後可透過 `echo $?` 得到 exit code 為 `0` 答案為 ( b ) - [ ] `ptr4.c` ```C #include <stddef.h> int main() { return &*(*main - (ptrdiff_t) **main); } ``` K4 = ? * `(a)` `ptr4.c` 在執行時期會造成 Segmentation fault * `(b)` 對於 `ptr4.c`, C 語言規格書聲明這是 undefined behavior 或者語法錯誤 * `(c)` `ptr4.c` 是合法 C 程式,在執行後可透過 `echo $?` 得到 exit code 為 `0` 答案為 ( b ) --- ## [因為自動飲料機而延畢的那一年](http://opass.logdown.com/posts/1273243-the-story-of-auto-beverage-machine-1) ` 人不付出犧牲,就得不到任何回報。如果要得到什麼,就必須付出同等的代價,這就是鍊金術的基本原則,等價交換。當時我們深信著,這就是這世界的真理。------《鋼之鍊金術師》 ` 沒有真正走出社會,無法了解到社會的現實。 --- ## 學習本課程 4 週之後的感想 第一次學習 C 語言,許多基礎的東西都不懂,每次打開網路都從最基本的東西開始查起。面對每週龐大的課程資源、作業量,真的是吃不消,跟不上腳步。不過我想只要能堅持下去,就算學的慢,一步一步慢慢往前走,也是可以走到遙遠的位置。所以要跟自己說一聲加油,努力堅持下去吧。

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