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    # 生物步步高16.基因在染色体上、伴性遗传和人类遗传病 ###### tags: `Biology` ## 基因在染色体上的假说与证据 ![](https://i.imgur.com/qAJfGZ7.png) 萨顿运用**类比推理法**,推测基因在染色体上。 摩尔根运用**假说演绎法**,得到**控制果蝇红眼、白眼的基因只位于X染色体上**的结论。 基因与染色体的关系:一条染色体上有**许多个**基因,基因在染色体上呈**线性**排列。 生物体如果丢失或增减一条或若干条染色体就会出现严重疾病甚至死亡。但是在自然界中,有些动植物的某些个体就会出现严重疾病甚至死亡。但是在自然界中,有些动植物的某些个体是由未受精的生殖细胞(如卵细胞)单独发育来的,如蜜蜂中的雄蜂等。这些生物的体细胞中染色体数目虽然减少了一半,但是仍能正常生活。如何解释这一现象? 这些生物体细胞的染色体数目虽然减少一半,但是仍然具有一整套染色体组,携带有控制该种生物体所有性状的一整套基因,共同控制生物的生长、发育、遗传和变异。 判断:萨顿通过观察蝗虫细胞的染色体变化规律,推论出基因在染色体上的假说。 错误。 判断:摩尔根在实验室培养的雄果蝇中首次发现了白眼性状,该性状来自基因重组。 错误。 判断:“基因位于染色体上,染色体是基因的载体”可作为萨顿假说的依据。 错误。这不能体现“基因和染色体行为存在着明显的平行关系”。后者是萨顿假说的依据。 判断:孟德尔和摩尔根都是通过杂交实验发现问题,用测交实验进行验证的。 正确。 判断:现代生物学用同位素标记法检测出基因在染色体的位置。 错误。是荧光标记法。 判断:生物体细胞中的基因不一定都位于染色体上。 正确。 (1)真核生物的细胞核基因都位于染色体上,而细胞质中的基因位于细胞的线粒体和叶绿体的DNA上。 (2)原核细胞中无染色体,原核细胞的基因在拟核DNA或细胞质的质粒DNA上。 ## 伴性遗传的特点与应用 所有生物都有性染色体吗? 错误。 a.所有无性别之分的生物均无性染色体,如酵母菌等。 b.虽有性别之分,但雌雄同株(或雌雄同体)的生物均无性染色体,如玉米、水稻等。 c.虽有性别分化且为雌雄异体,但其雌雄性别并非取决于“染色体类型”而是取决于其他因素,如蜜蜂、蚂蚁、龟等。 性染色体上的基因一定与性别决定有关吗? 性染色体上的基因未必均与性别决定有关,如色觉基因、某些凝血因子基因均位于X染色体上,而外耳道多毛基因则位于Y染色体上。此外性染色体并非只存在于生殖细胞中。 性染色体只存在于生殖细胞中吗? 不是。 伴性遗传指的是**位于性染色体上的基因控制的性状在遗传上总是和性别相关联的现象**。 判断:人类的初级精母细胞和精细胞中都含Y染色体。 错误。初级精母细胞中都含,但是精细胞中也有可能只含X染色体。 判断:XX型性别决定的生物中,仅考虑性染色体,女性只能产生一种卵细胞,男性能产生两种精子。 正确。 判断:XY型性别决定的生物Y染色体都比X染色体短小。 错误。比如果蝇就相反。 请从遗传的物质基础和性别控制的角度,解释“牝鸡司晨”现象。 性别和其它性状类似,也是受遗传物质和环境共同影响的,性反转现象可能是某种环境因素,使性腺出现反转现象,但遗传物质组成不变。 | 类型 | 伴Y染色体遗传 | 伴X染色体隐性遗传 | 伴X染色体显性遗传 | | ---- | ---------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- | | 举例 | **人类外耳道多毛症** | **人类红绿色盲症** | **抗维生素D佝偻病** | ## 人类遗传病的类型、监测及预防 - 人类遗传病的类型 人类遗传病的概念是? 由于遗传物质改变而引起的人类疾病。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/w4wZo1i.png) 原发性高血压是什么病? 多基因遗传病。 色盲是什么病? 单基因遗传病。 21三体综合征是什么病? 染色体异常遗传病。 白化病是什么病? 单基因遗传病。 猫叫综合征是什么病? 染色体异常遗传病。 抗维生素D佝偻病是什么病? 单基因遗传病。 常染色体显性遗传病包括? 并指、多指、软骨发育不全。 常染色体隐性遗传病包括? 苯丙酮尿症、白化病、先天性聋哑。 伴X染色体显性遗传病包括? 抗维生素D佝偻病。 伴X染色体隐性遗传病包括? 红绿色盲、血友病。 伴Y染色体遗传病包括? 外耳道多毛症。 多基因遗传病包括? 冠心病、唇裂、哮喘病、原发性高血压、青少年型糖尿病。 染色体异常遗传病包括? 21三体综合征、猫叫综合征、性腺发育不良。 - 遗传病的监测和预防 遗传病的监测和预防的手段主要包括**遗传咨询**和**产前诊断**等。 遗传病的监测和预防的意义是? 在一定程度上能够有效地预防遗传病的产生和发展。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/iw71EjD.png) 产前诊断的时间是? 胎儿出生前。 产前诊断的手段包括? 羊水检查、B超检查、孕妇血细胞检查以及基因诊断等。 产前诊断的目的是? 确定胎儿是否患有某种遗传病或先天性疾病。 开展产前诊断时,B超检查可以检查胎儿的**外观和性别**;羊水检查可以检测**染色体异常遗传病**;孕妇血细胞检查可以筛查**遗传性地中海贫血病**;基因诊断可以检测**基因异常病**。 判断:不携带遗传病致病基因的个体一定不患遗传病。 错误。比如染色体变异。 21三体综合征的患者多了一条21号染色体的原因是? 夫妻或母亲的生殖细胞在减数分裂时,21号染色体未正常分离。 - 人类基因组计划 人类基因组计划的目的是? 测定人类基因组的全部遗传序列,解读其中包含的遗传信息。 人类基因组计划的结果是? 测序结果表明,人类基因组由大约31.6亿个碱基对组成,已发现的基因约为2.0万~2.5万个。 人类基因组计划的意义是? 认识到人类基因的组成、结构、功能及其相互关系,有利于诊治和预防人类疾病。

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