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    # 資料庫相關 ###### tags: `database`、`back-end`、`note` ## NoSQL(Not Only SQL)非關聯式資料庫 1. 沒有 Schema(table 的結構),可以想像成存 JSON 資料進 database ex. MongoDB 2. 用 key-value 來存 3. 不支援 JOIN 的 method 4. 通常用來存一些結構不固定的資料(log 之類的) #### 延伸閱讀: [了解NoSQL不可不知的5項觀念](https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/92506) [關於NoSQL與SQL的區別](https://read01.com/GPnEx.html#.XTsUa-gzaUm) [閃開!讓專業的來:SQL 與 NoSQL](https://ithelp.ithome.com.tw/articles/10187443) [SQL vs NoSQL: The Differences](https://wiki.kshuang.xyz/doku.php/database:sql_vs_nosql) ## Transaction 同時會有兩個 query 以上同時關聯與作動,要嘛全部都要成功;要嘛全部都要失敗,一個同步的概念。 像是轉帳交易,從 A 轉出 20 元給 B,B 同時要獲得 20 元才行,這兩項動作缺一不可。 實際會應用的地方像上面說的轉帳是一種,還有購物平台同時買好幾項商品,或是牽涉到多種 query 的動作的地方。 ## ACID 為了保證 Transaction 的正確性,要符合以下四個特性: 1. 原子性 atomicity:要嘛全部失敗,要嘛全部成功 2. 一致性 consistency:維持資料的一致性(錢的總數相同) 3. 隔離性 isolation:多筆交易不會互相影響(不能同時改同一個值) 4. 持久性 durability:交易成功之後,寫入的資料不會不見 #### 延伸閱讀: [如何理解数据库事务中的一致性的概念?](https://www.zhihu.com/question/31346392) [MySQL 交易功能 Transaction 整理](https://xyz.cinc.biz/2013/05/mysql-transaction.html) ## 實際使用 Transaction 注意「MyISM」 型態沒有支援 Transaction 功能 ``` $conn->autocommit(FALSE); // 如果是 true 意思是說每個 query 都自動執行 commit $conn->begin_transaction(); $conn->query("update from money set amount = 20"); $conn->query("update from money set sum = 10"); $conn->commit(); //直接執行要 transaction 的所有 query ``` ## Lock 鎖 一個理想的搶購頁面是,當消費者看到還有剩餘數量時,按下搶購後,會看到剩餘數量有減少(表示資料庫中的商品數量減少)。但是當剩下 1 個數量時,同時有多位消費者按下按鈕,若有複數以上的請求在同一時間被後端接收到,會有超賣的問題,這牽扯到一個訊號傳輸中常見的現象:「Race condition」。 ### 解決方式 ``` $conn->autocommit(FALSE); $conn->begin_transaction(); $conn->query("SELECT amount from products where id = 1 for update"); $conn->commit(); ``` 在 query 字串的最後面加上 **`for update`** 即可避免 Race condition 的情況。 它背後在操作的動作是當有一個請求送進來後端使得 php 這個一連串的 query 程式碼開始跑而且還沒跑完時,又有一個新的請求進來後端,但這時新的請求沒辦法進到這個 query,因為 `for update` 的設定,導致這個 query 被 lock 住,直到原本在跑的請求跑完 `commit()` 後,新的請求才能影響到這個 query,等於是在排隊等待的意思。 但是這樣做有一個缺點是會**影響效能**,網頁的效能,因為每筆進來的請求都需要等待,因此 `for update` 的範圍越小越好,鎖定的 query 越詳細越好,不然影響到很多個層面的運作,甚至是整個 table,效能會不堪設想。

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