Sean Yih
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    # 10.2 振幅調變 (AM) 振幅調變(AM, amplitude modulation)顧名思義就是在振幅上面動手腳。 相信大多數人第一次聽到AM都是在廣播電台,也就是**無線電通訊**。有AM某某跟FM某某,這就是他們調變無線電的方式不同。振幅調變是最早被發明的調變,系統成本低,數學簡單。 根據系統的逐步演進,AM又可以分成幾種種類。他們本質上很類似,但實作上的差異使他們各有優缺點。 ## DSB-SC DSB-SC的全名是**雙邊帶抑制載波調變**(Double-Sideband Suppresed-Carrier)。聽起來很猛,但其實非常簡單。先等我講完三種調變再來講他們名稱的由來。 ### 調變 載波是一個弦波,記為: $$ c(t)=\cos(\omega_c t) $$ 而調變的方法就是: $$ y(t)=x(t)c(t) $$...把他們乘在一起,沒了。 在數學式子上,可以看成是**拿信號作為載波的振幅**,因此是振幅調變。 在頻域上的變化如圖。簡單複習一下: 時域上和cos函數相乘,相當於頻域上和兩個delta函數卷積。又根據$f(x)*\delta(x-x_0)=f(x-x_0)$,和delta函數卷積相當於在$x=x_0$的位置複製一份原本的函數。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryffg3vdbl.png) 我們可以看到它完美的解決了上一節提到的頻率過低不利傳輸的問題,也可以透過不同的$\omega_c$達成多工。問題解決。 從圖上也可以清楚的看到一個限制: **載波的頻率必須大於原信號的頻寬**,即$B<\omega_c$。否則經過調變之後兩個部份的信號會重疊,產生跟欠採樣類似的問題。對於現實生活中的信號,我們多採用先過低通濾波器再輸出的方式,以確保頻寬在指定的範圍內。 ### 解調 解調的方法也很簡單,就是再做一次: $$ x_r(t)=y(t)c(t)=x(t)\cos^2(\omega_c t)=\frac{1}{2}x(t)(1+\cos(2\omega_c t)) $$接著利用低通濾波器,濾掉帶有$2\omega_c$頻率的部分。在頻域上: ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1XWMhwOWl.png) ### 優缺點 比起接下來要講的DSB-LC來說,DSB-SC載波的功率浪費更小。另外,DSB-SC解調還原度更高,對抗雜訊的能力也更強。這點可以在接下來的DSB-LC看到。 數學上DSB-SC更簡單,但是電路上卻不是這麼一回事。對於調變和解調來說,它們的**載波頻率必須完全一致**。若載波頻率有差異,則會出現拍音現象,即: $$ x_r(t)=\frac{1}{2}x(t)\cos((\omega_2-\omega_1)t) $$訊號會以$\omega_2-\omega_1$為頻率忽大忽小。 另外,若兩者的相位不一致,也會造成解調後的訊號除了$\frac{1}{2}$以外額外獲得一個$\cos(\phi)$的衰減。如果單純是信號受到衰減那還事小,但對應的雜訊並不會因為等量衰減,所以它還會直接造成信噪比(SNR)也呈$\cos(\phi)$衰減。 ## DSB-LC DSB-LC的全名是雙邊帶大載波調變(Double-Sideband Large-Carrier)。 ### 調變 調變的主要概念不變: 我們都是將信號乘以一個cos作為載波。但是在DSB-LC裡面,我們先將$x(t)$加上一個**直流部分**$A$,再乘載波。寫成數學式子的話就是: $$ y(t)=(x(t)+A)\cos(\omega_c t) $$並且要求: $$ \forall t\in\mathbb{R},\, x(t)+A>0 $$ 在頻域上,DSB-LC長這樣: ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJUwzhvdbg.png) ### 解調 在這裡,解調依靠的是一個特殊的電路,稱作**包絡檢波器**(envelope detector)。工程上,包絡指的是一個「包住信號的平滑曲線」,它並沒有太正式的定義。如下圖: ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Byltzr9qvZl.png) 紅色曲線$\cos(t)$是藍色曲線$\cos(t)\cos(20t)$的包絡。 數學上不難看出,$(x(t)+A)$ 會是 $(x(t)+A)\cos(\omega_c t)$ 的包絡。(你可以隨便取個函數並畫圖驗證一下。) 而$x(t)$是我們的目標。所以整個解調流程就是: ```mermaid flowchart LR; A["$$(x(t)+A)\cos(\omega_c t)$$"] B["$$(x(t)+A)$$"] C["$$x(t)$$"] A --"包絡檢測器"--> B --去除直流--> C ``` 雖然上面這套流程聽起來很複雜,但是如果考慮到實際的電路的話,卻非常簡單。以下是包絡檢測器的電路: ![temp](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkW2LZQO-g.png) 這個電路的運作邏輯如下: 當$x(t)$電壓升高,大於$y(t)$電壓,此時二極體順向導通,$x(t)=y(t)$。當$x(t)$電壓下降,而下降速度大過右邊RC電路的放電速度時,$y(t)>x(t)$,二極體截斷,$y(t)$為截斷前的$x(t)$乘以指數衰減。下圖是示意圖,黑色的是$x(t)$,藍色的是$y(t)$。如此一來即可得到大致的包絡。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SyTO_ZQdbx.png) ### 選取直流大小 現在我們知道了解調的方式和包絡檢測器的原理,我們可以考慮對$\cos(t)\cos(20t)$使用的話,我們會得到$\cos(t)$嗎? 答案是不會,因為**包絡檢測器不可能拿到負的值**。更仔細的看工作原理的話,會得到下圖: ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S17EKbQObe.png) 這顯然沒有還原調變前的訊號。因此,為了使解調後的結果和原本接近,我們需要把整個函數都「放在」上半部。要達成這個目標,我們可以先將函數向上平移,再進行調變。例如下圖: ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1MvcZQ_Wl.png) 這是$(\cos(t)+3)\cos(20t)$和$\cos(t)+3$的圖形。可以看到我們的目標(cos函數)仍然被保留。 對於選取的直流大小,我們至少需要將整個函數提到正值,才能保證通過包絡檢測器後完整保留。因此條件是: $$ x(t)+A>0 $$ ### 優缺點 DSB-LC最大的優點就是**電路簡單**。相較於抑制載波需要一大坨鎖相迴路去控制,這裡只需要三個元件就完事了。 它的缺點主要有兩個,第一個來自於包絡檢測器。你會發現我們沒有提到包絡檢測器對應的頻域操作,這是因為包絡是一個非線性轉換,而使用包絡檢測器得到的頻譜不會是完美的輸入頻譜。因此,DSB-LC**對於信號的還原能力較差**。 第二個是傳輸功率的問題。在DSB-LC時,加上的直流部分完全沒用,會在解調電路中被消耗掉。因此對於能量效率有需求的裝置來說,DSB-LC非常糟糕。 ## SSB-SC SSB-SC的全名是單邊帶抑制載波調變(Single-Sideband Suppresed-Carrier)。首先介紹什麼是邊帶。 ### 邊帶 我們看DSB-SC的調變後的頻譜。並且將$|\omega|<\omega_c$的部分稱為下邊帶(lower sideband),反之稱為上邊帶(upper sideband)。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hy5nB3PuZl.png) 透過觀察可以發現,如果只保留上邊帶,解調後仍然可以合成一個完整的頻譜。同理,只保留下邊帶也可以在解調後合成一個完整的頻譜。因此,DSB-SC傳輸兩個邊帶的做法實際上是**多餘的**。SSB-SC的發明就是利用這點,將不必要的邊帶消除,以達到更好的效果。 ### 調變 這裡介紹兩種調變的方法。 第一種非常直覺,我們先使用DSB-SC的方法調變,並使用一個濾波器濾出其中一個邊帶,最後傳輸那個邊帶,完成。 第二種稱作**哈特利調變**(Hartley Modulator)。它的系統長這樣: ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Byo3nGQu-x.png) 它雖然看起來像一坨通靈,但我們可以透過畫出各部分的頻譜圖,來分析它是怎麼做到的: ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJs1BnDObg.png) 在時域上,乘以$-j\,\text{sgn}(\omega)$相當於將信號延遲$90^\circ$ ($-j=e^{j\frac{\pi}{2}}$)。 在類比電路上實現比較麻煩一點,不過在數位的實作上就簡單很多。 「乘以$-j\,\text{sgn}(\omega)$」的操作在某些文章中又會被稱作**希爾伯特轉換**(Hilbert Transform)。 ### 解調 SSB-SC的解調與DSB-SC一致。 ### 優缺點 SSB-SC的優點顯而易見: 因為省去了不必要的邊帶傳輸,能源效率更高,使用的頻寬減半。相較DSB-SC的缺點則同樣是電路上的複雜度提升。 與DSB-SC相同,解調電路對於頻率的準確性和相位都有所要求,因此設計上比DSB-LC更複雜。 ## 總結 ### 名稱 現在我們知道,單邊帶(SSB)和雙邊帶(DSB),顧名思義是指調變的結果會是幾個邊帶。 大載波(LC)指的是因為在調變中加上直流部分,所以得到的輸出能量更大。抑制載波(SC)則是不傳輸任何直流部分,輸出能量小,效率高。 另外,如果不特別強調的話,**AM通常指的是DSB-LC**。 ### 優缺點 總結來說,想要更好的表現,就必須在電路設計上付出更多代價。 | 項目 | DSB-LC | DSB-SC | SSB-SC | | :-----: | :-----: | :-----: | :-----: | | 能量效率 | Max. 33.3% | 50% | 100% | | 信號完整度 | 低 (包絡檢測器) | 高 | 高 | | 邊帶(頻寬) | 2 | 2 | 1 | | 電路複雜度| 低 | 中 | 高 | <!--- ## *Costas Loop -->

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