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    # Selenium 的網頁測試應用(含免安裝解決方案) <br> ## **概述** Selenium 是支援 Python 的網路爬蟲套件,透過辨識頁面元素,能支援操作鍵盤輸入、下拉選單、滑鼠操作等動作,從而取代手動動作,實現自動化的網頁操作甚至產出測試報告 Selenium 由三部分構成:WebDriver+IDE+Selenium Grid * **IDE** : 方便編輯**語法**或錄製操作流程,未必要用 Selenium 的 * **WebDriver** : Selenium 針對不同瀏覽器有支援的 WebDriver (或下載想用的瀏覽器開源 driver 來使用) * **Selenium Grid** : 佈署多台電腦同時測試才會用到,本篇文章不說明 <br> ![](https://i.imgur.com/A0u7aPm.png) <br> ## **為 Selenium 安裝 driver** 查看自己瀏覽器版本並下載對應 WebDriver,或使用 Selenium IDE [Chrome]( https://sites.google.com/chromium.org/driver/downloads ) [FireFox]( https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases ) [Edge]( https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/tools/webdriver/ ) 下載後呼叫使用→ ```python= from selenium import webdriver driver = webdriver.Chrome("放置driver的路徑") ``` 或直接 import Selenium 的 driver 來用→ ```java= import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver; ... WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); ``` <br> ## **Selenium 應用** ### **主要寫法分為「指定元素操作」、「ActionChains」** ### 針對指定元素呼叫方法 抓特定元素建成物件,再調用方法動作 ```python= from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select # 使用 Select 對應下拉選單 import time driver = webdriver.Chrome('./chromedriver') driver.get('https://example.oxxostudio.tw/python/selenium/demo.html') # 開啟範例網址 a = driver.find_element_by_id('a') # 取得 id 為 a 的網頁元素 ( 按鈕 A ) b = driver.find_element_by_class_name('btn') # 取得 class 為 btn 的網頁元素 ( 按鈕 B ) c = driver.find_element_by_css_selector('.test') # 取得 class 為 test 的網頁元素 ( 按鈕 C ) d = driver.find_element_by_name('dog') # 取得屬性 name 為 dog 的網頁元素 ( 按鈕 D ) h1 = driver.find_element_by_tag_name('h1') # 取得 tag h1 的網頁元素 link1 = driver.find_element_by_link_text('我是超連結,點擊會開啟 Google 網站') # 取得指定超連結文字的網頁元素 link2 = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Google') # 取得超連結文字包含 Google 的網頁元素 select = Select(driver.find_element_by_xpath('/html/body/select')) # 取得 html > body > select 這個網頁元素 a.click() # 點擊 a print(a.text) # 印出 a 元素的內容 time.sleep(0.5) b.click() # 點擊 b print(b.text) # 印出 b 元素的內容 time.sleep(0.5) c.click() # 點擊 c print(c.text) # 印出 c 元素的內容 time.sleep(0.5) d.click() # 點擊 d print(d.text) # 印出 d 元素的內容 time.sleep(0.5) select.select_by_index(2) # 下拉選單選擇第三項 ( 第一項為 0 ) time.sleep(0.5) h1.click() # 點擊 h1 time.sleep(0.5) link1.click() # 點擊 link1 time.sleep(0.5) link2.click() # 點擊 link2 print(link2.get_attribute('href')) # 印出 link2 元素的 href 屬性 ``` <br> **↓** <br> ![](https://steam.oxxostudio.tw/webp/python/spider/selenium-04.gif) <br> ### 使用 ActionChains 將想做的動作串成「鍊」 ```python= from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains driver = webdriver.Chrome('./chromedriver') driver.get('https://example.oxxostudio.tw/python/selenium/demo.html') a = driver.find_element_by_id('a') show = driver.find_element_by_id('show') actions = ActionChains(driver) actions.click(show).send_keys(['1','2','3','4','5']) # 輸入 1~5 的鍵盤值 ( 必須是字串 ) actions.pause(1) # 等待一秒 actions.click(a) # 點擊按鈕 A actions.pause(1) # 等待一秒 actions.send_keys_to_element(show, ['A','B','C','D','E']) # # 輸入 A~E 的鍵盤值 actions.perform() # 送出動作 ``` <br> **↓** <br> ![image alt](https://steam.oxxostudio.tw/webp/python/spider/selenium-06.gif) <br> ## **常見解決方案** 要利用 Selenium 至少有下列方法: * **安裝微軟 Power Automate 使用 Selenium IDE 流程** * **安裝 Anaconda 直接寫 Python** * **在 console pip install 裝來用** * **裝 Selenium IDE 或 Katalon Recorder** <br> ### 微軟 Power Automate 使用 Selenium IDE 流程 1. 以往只要在 Power Automate 線上建立**其他桌面流程**即可選擇 **Selenium IDE 流程**來錄製腳本 https://asia.flow.microsoft.com/zh-tw/ 2. 然而**其他桌面流程**選項已消失(應該是整併到**桌面流程**內),而所有桌面流程均要求下載**電腦版 Power Automate**才可使用;透過**雲端流程**則無法選擇 **Selenium IDE 流程** 3. 相關限制如下 > 不支援多重要素驗證 (MFA),請使用不需要 MFA 的租用戶。 > > 不支援這些 Selenium IDE 命令:Run、AnswerOnNextPrompt、ChooseCancelOnNextConfirmation、ChooseCancelOnNextPrompt、ChooseOkOnNextConfirmation、Debugger、ClickAt、DoubleClickAt、Echo、MouseOut、MouseUpAt,以及 MouseDownAt。 > > Selenium IDE 動作或步驟要執行,就不能超過一分鐘。 請改用 Power Automate。 > > **不支援按一下滑鼠右鍵。** > > 當您使用 Foreach 命令時,系統會產生額外的 Selenium IDE 流程輸入。 若要解決此問題,請在額外的欄位中輸入所有值。 這不會影響播放。 > > **直接在 Selenium IDE 中播放可能不會如預期般運作。** 不過,在執行階段會正確播放。 結論,不是很推薦使用。若做功課有爬到這條路基本上不用優先考慮 <br> ### 安裝 Anaconda 直接寫 Python 1. [安裝 Anaconda](https://steam.oxxostudio.tw/category/python/info/anaconda.html) 2. 在 Anaconda Jupyter 下指令 !pip install selenium 3. 安裝 driver,瀏覽器開源的或官方的都可以 4. 撰寫 python 以執行一系列操作 例如 driver.get('URL') 來連線特定 URL ![](https://i.imgur.com/F4VwJ5A.png) <br> ### 裝 Selenium IDE 或 Katalon Recorder [Katalon Recorder](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/katalon-recorder-selenium/ljdobmomdgdljniojadhoplhkpialdid) [Selenium IDE](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/selenium-ide/mooikfkahbdckldjjndioackbalphokd) ![](https://i.imgur.com/ffBBi46.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/51JbY0t.png) **(DEMO環節)** <br> ## **其他酷東西** ### XPATH做元素定位(利用Ruto、ChroPath等插件工具) XPATH:HTML 經過編譯成 XML 後找出的對應位置,且分為絕對位置與相對位置 > 相對位置://div[@class='ytp-tooltip-text-wrapper'] > 絕對位置: /html[1]/body[1]/ytd-app[1]/div[1]/ytd-page-manager[1]/ytd-watch-flexy[1]/div[5]/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/ytd-player[1]/div[1]/div[1]/div[10]/div[1] **安裝[RUTO](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ruto-xpath-finder/ilcoelkkcokgeeijnopjnolmmighnppp?hl=zh-TW)** ![](https://i.imgur.com/jRFe2bn.png) **安裝[ChroPath](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/chropath/ljngjbnaijcbncmcnjfhigebomdlkcjo?hl=zh-TW)** F12後多出ChroPath頁籤方便查找元素: ![](https://i.imgur.com/jhcSCXB.png) <br> ### 拍截圖 ```python= body = driver.find_element_by_tag_name('body') body.screenshot('./test.png') ``` ### 跑 JavaScript ```python= h1 = driver.find_element_by_tag_name('h1') h3 = driver.find_element_by_tag_name('h3') script = ''' let h1 = arguments[0]; let h3 = arguments[1]; alert(h1, h3) ''' driver.execute_script(script, h1, h3) # 執行 JavaScript,印出元素 sleep(2) Alert(driver).accept() # 點擊提示視窗的確認按鈕,關閉提示視窗 ``` ### 切換視窗 ```python= driver.switch_to.window("windowName") ``` ### 使用既有 Profile 若要使用 Google Chrome 中既有的 Profile 來進行測試,可將其作為參數加入 WebDriver: ```python= from selenium import webdriver # 設定檔案路徑參數成為自訂的 WebDriver (命名為 options) options = webdriver.ChromeOptions() options.add_argument("--user-data-dir=C:UsersOfficeGuideAppDataLocalGoogleChromeUser Data") options.add_argument("--profile-directory=Profile 1") # 使用自訂的 WebDriver browser = webdriver.Chrome(options=options) ``` <br> ### 列印 PDF 報表(Goodinfo!為例) ```python= import json from time import sleep from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options options = Options() settings = {"recentDestinations": [{"id": "Save as PDF", "origin": "local", "account": ""}], "selectedDestinationId": "Save as PDF", "version": 2, "isCssBackgroundEnabled": True, "scalingType": 3, "scaling": 100} #此處記得設定您本地電腦可以存檔的路徑 prefs = {"printing.print_preview_sticky_settings.appState": json.dumps(settings), "savefile.default_directory": "C:/Users/user/Downloads"} options.add_experimental_option('prefs', prefs) options.add_argument('--kiosk-printing') #這兩句處理 driver,請設定事前存好的driver 或 remote call來用 webdriver_path = 'D:/Python/CultivationGrid/selenium/chromedriver.exe' driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path=webdriver_path, options=options) driver.get("https://goodinfo.tw/StockInfo/index.asp") driver.find_element_by_id("txtStockCode").click() driver.find_element_by_id("txtStockCode").clear() driver.find_element_by_id("txtStockCode").send_keys("0050") driver.find_element_by_xpath(u"//input[@value='股票查詢']").click() driver.find_element_by_id("imgKC").click() sleep(5) driver.execute_script('window.print();') driver.close() ``` <br> ### 若有多支py可用BeautifulReport產報表來看 1. 下載BeautifulReport https://github.com/TesterlifeRaymond/BeautifulReport 2. 資料夾名稱改為 BeautifulReport,放到 python 的 library 例 C:\Users\你的使用者名稱\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\Lib\site-packages\ 3. ```python= from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC from BeautifulReport import BeautifulReport from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager import time import unittest ## 設定Chrome的瀏覽器彈出時遵照的規則 ## 這串設定是防止瀏覽器上頭顯示「Chrome正受自動控制」 options = webdriver.ChromeOptions() options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"]) options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False) ## 關閉自動記住密碼的提示彈窗 options.add_experimental_option("prefs", { "profile.password_manager_enabled": False, "credentials_enable_service": False }) ## 如果要將CASE拆成幾個不同的方法,需要用一個Unitest Class包覆起來,然後加上修飾符@classmethod class Test(unittest.TestCase): @classmethod def setUpClass(self): self.driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=options) self.action = ActionChains(self.driver) ## 開啟Chrome新視窗,前往Youtube網址並最大化視窗 self.URL = "https://youtube.com" self.driver.get(self.URL) self.driver.maximize_window() @classmethod def tearDownClass(self): self.driver.quit() #全部做完後關閉瀏覽器 ## Test Case 的命名方式務必以「test_01_* ~ test_99_*」為主,讓爬蟲依照順序走 def test_01_search(self): """ 測項1 """ def test_02_open_target(self): """ 測項2 """ def test_03_back_to_list(self): """ 測項3 """ # basedir就是存放所有TEST Case的目錄,讓它爬 pattern = '*.py',所以要做哪個類別的測試就指定哪個前贅 basedir = "D:/auto_test/" if __name__ == '__main__': # 取得資料夾目錄底下,符合後面任何副檔名為.py,並進行所有test的測試項目 test_suite = unittest.defaultTestLoader.discover( basedir, pattern='*.py') # 測試結果加入到 BeautifulReport 套件內 result = BeautifulReport(test_suite) # 結果產生Report 檔案名稱為 filename, 敘述為 description, log_path 預設放在跟目錄底下就行 result.report(filename='report', description='我的第一個測試', log_path='D:/auto_test/') ``` **↓** ![](https://i.imgur.com/2aMtny1.png) <br> ### 做好的腳本可以用 Robointern 在本地電腦排程執行 [Robointern](https://robointern.tech/#screens) <br> ## **參考資料** [Microsoft Build 建立及測試 Selenium IDE 流程](https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-tw/power-automate/desktop-flows/create-web) [ Steam教育網 Selenium 函式庫 ]( https://steam.oxxostudio.tw/category/python/spider/selenium.html ) [Selenium 是什麼?用 Python Selenium 自動爬網頁抓報表,初學者必看的簡單教學 ]( https://igoamazing.com/python-selenium/#1_%E9%8C%84%E8%A3%BD%E4%B8%A6%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E7%94%A2%E7%94%9F%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E7%A2%BC ) [Python Selenium with VSCODE 教學筆記 ]( https://hackmd.io/@FortesHuang/S1V6jrvet#Python-Selenium-with-VSCODE-%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E7%AD%86%E8%A8%98 ) ###### tags: `Java`,`Python`,`Selenium`

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