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    # 蛋白的打發 ## Abstract 氨基酸是構成蛋白質的化合物,不同的氨基酸有不一樣的特性,蛋白內主要有兩種:親水性與疏水性,而蛋白本身是九成為水份、一成為蛋白質混合液 蛋白能被打發的機制,是因為攪打的動作會使卵清蛋白(Ovalbumin)分子原本糾結的結構,有機會再和其他分子重新結合 隨著空氣被摻入混合物中,蛋白質分子會形成圍繞氣泡的網絡來捕獲空氣,疏水性的會往氣泡端集中,親水性的與蛋白內的水分結合。隨著網絡的發展,氨基酸彼此的鍵結會變更緊實,慢慢排擠水分,這解釋了為什麼打發時間越長蛋白霜越堅挺,外表看起來越乾燥的原因。 而形成這個網絡的鍵結類型可以是離子間的正負電荷之間吸引力,甚或是在蛋白上的兩個硫基之間形成新的二硫鍵(Disulfide) **半胱胺酸 需要與空氣接觸氧化 才會形成二硫鍵** (如麵筋需要搓揉幫助形成) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsHlKMhETIs WIKI:蛋白富含半胱胺酸,其中的硫磺鍵結遇熱會斷裂、蛋白質變質而無法透光,凝固成白色固體。放太久的蛋會產生硫化氫,致腐敗的味道 但隨著打發的時間拉長,網絡形成的越多,蛋白質分子間的結合會越來越緊密。隨著蛋白質結構的緊縮,水份會被推出於原本被捕獲的結構中,於是形成液體分離的蛋清與脫水的網狀結構。這種出水的狀況稱為「打發過度」,蛋白泡沫破裂消泡,變成外表粗糙不平滑的棉球或顆粒狀 ## 避免過度打發 除了倚靠經驗以外,若希望提高打發的極限使蛋白更加堅挺有光澤的話,大概有以下兩種做法: 1. 採用銅製的攪拌盆來打蛋白霜。這是藉由銅可以結合硫基團以形成螯合物(Chelation),這除了能構成穩定的結構外,也能有效避免硫基團形成更強鍵結力的二硫鍵 2. 加醋,因為產生二硫鍵時,會伴隨氫離子的生成,根據勒沙特列原理,加入酸就能讓平衡朝左進行,因此能抑制二硫鍵的形成。 2 RSH ⇌ RS–SR + 2 H+ + 2 e− (不懂,有機會再補化學知識) ## 維持打發蛋白的結構 透過加入一點醋,降低ph值至4.8,以提高蛋白質間的聚合性,也就是使其更穩定,詳細機轉為等電點,可參考 https://discord.com/channels/1155235429881233469/1158842972385841273/1166102171436199946 > pH through an acidity or alkalinity: > on a long-term scale the foam at pH 4.8 was the most resistant to drainage. This is the result of the more rigid behaviour of the surface at pH 4.8 and the formation of small bubbles, therefore a slow drainage of liquid from the foam, lower dynamic surface tension causing the high overrun. [2] ## References [1] [烘焙的科學(一)蛋白打發](https://www.masters.tw/166501/%E7%83%98%E7%84%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B81) [2] [A Study of the Factors Affecting the Foaming Properties of Egg White](http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/pdfs/cjf/2006/03/02.pdf)

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