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    # 微積分是什麼 :::info 小Tips: 這裡還不會有可怕的數學公式,只會先介紹微積分的邏輯和歷史 ::: ## 介紹 ==微積分==,是無論商科或理工科,大學專業中都會碰到的一門學科。 但礙於考試的需要及學習時長等成本,導致許多人的數學基底本身就不好,還要被迫面對一大坨要背誦、又看得眼花撩亂的大量方程式,~~這簡直跟我感冒不舒服了還得看老醫生的手寫的拉丁文藥方差不多~~。 本系列本著一步一腳印的初衷,由淺入深慢慢的解釋。希望無論是對數學很困難而難以入坑的朋友,又或者是對數學有興趣、甚至想要打競賽的朋友們,都能重新享受微積分的樂趣。 ## 微積分的意義 在最基本的意義上,微積分可以分成==微分==和==積分==。 - `微分`: 計算「瞬間」的==變化量== - `積分`: 計算==總和量== 並且彼此為逆運算,如同**乘法**和**除法**。 ```mermaid graph LR; 變化量 -- 積分 --> 總和 總和 -- 微分 --> 變化量 ``` 看不懂?先不打緊,我們來看看例子吧。 ### 微積分就跟拍照一樣 以我自己很喜歡用的例子舉例的話,微積分就像拍照一樣。 手機錄影主要分成兩種模式: `錄影`和`拍照`。 而在微積分裡,`影片`對應著`總和`,而`照片`對應著`瞬時變化量`。 ```mermaid graph LR; 照片 -- 積分 --> 影片 影片 -- 微分 --> 照片 ``` 此時是不是就一目了然了,如果還是沒辦法get到,那讓我來解釋解釋。 一部影片(不考慮聲音的音源只考慮影像,或者你說GIF也行啦),其實就是很多`幀(Frame)`照片連續播放的集合體,例如常見的24hz、30hz、60hz、144hz,就是指`每秒內連續播放的幀數`。 換句話說,把影片的某一幀單獨截出來,或者理解為把影片按暫停,就是==微分==在做的事情。 反之,把許多連續的照片拼在一起連續放映,或者理解為把影片按下播放,就是==積分==的意義。 ## 微積分的歷史 不同於微積分的名字,事實上,積分的發明比微分要早得多了。 ### 古早時期 早在古埃及時期,古埃及人為了測量尼羅河氾濫的變化,就用了把河流沖積平原切割成小長方形的方式來測量土地面積,樣子很接近現代微積分切割圖形面積的方式。 而在西元前200年,阿基米德用拋物線面積來達成了早期的一批積分應用。 在東方,三國時代的劉徽也曾用正多邊形逼近的方式求得圓周率的近似值,很類似於現代的極限和積分的應用。 ### 現代微積分的基礎 直到17世紀時,牛頓和萊布尼茲才各自整合了微、積分兩種運算,找到彼此的關聯性,並將之統整成一門運算學問。 牛頓一開始使用的是被稱為==流數術==的運算方式,對應現代的微分,並且==反流數術==,對應的則是積分。這項發明的出現為之後的牛頓力學貢獻了極其重要的基底,尤其是力學在求力時,就需要加速度來驗證當下的瞬時速度變化量。只是牛頓用的是較為粗暴且古早的符號標記,以至於除了他自己以外其他人很難看得懂他在寫什麼。 而同一時期的德國人萊布尼茲,身為一個哲學家兼科學家兼數學家律師,則分別在1684及1686年發表了關於極限極值、微分,以及積分及無窮的分析論文。據說他的這些論文都是在往返各大城市之間的時候,在顛簸的馬車上完成的。 後來的數學家基本認同雙方是各自在接近的時間發明了微積分,而由於萊布尼茲發明的計算方式及運算符號比較適合閱讀及學習,因此我們現代的教材都是以萊布尼茲的標準為主。 ## 微積分的學習順序 一般來說,積分的運算通常是直接以反微分作為基底做使用,而微分又是基於極限與方程組斜率延伸的概念。因此一般來說,教學上會以 `函數`->`極限`->`微分`->`積分`->`常微分`->巴啦巴啦巴啦 作為順序教學,為了順序性及完整性,本系列也將會從國中數學一路複習到高三數學,最後踏入大學甚至研究所的課程領域。 ## 練習 ## reference > [name=@Miyago] {%hackmd /@miyago114514/default_theme %}

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