Dada 劉永琦
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    ## 量化投資實務 W4 📅 2024-03-11 instructor: 曾凱逸 老師 ### 📌 量化程式策略工具 1. 技術面: 最常見 2. 籌碼 3. 總經因子 4. 套利策略 5. 溢價 ### 📌 資本市場 資本市場分股票、債券、外匯、衍生性金融商品(期貨與選擇權) ### 📌 流動性 不見得所有金融商品的流動性都很好 流動性差 => 法人不敢買 ### 📌 行為財務理論 ➡️ 展望效用理論 ➡️ Alias 悖論 ➡️ 期望效用理論: 實質上推翻很多「展望效用理論」學派的實驗結果和數學模型 提出者為:康納曼(Kahneman)和 Tversky 在投資領域應用為廣 > 傳統經濟學家不提出「假設性問題」只針對「經濟環境現狀」做模型 > 因此對於「預測未來假設環境下的(經濟)預測目標」無法回答 ➡️ 決策理論 不理性決策行為的研究 古典經濟學家 => 「完全理性」:假設一個具有完全訊息的、可實現 ### 📌 決策理性會受到的挑戰 「理性決策的模型」基本上是不適用的,以下都是會造成人類投資行為非理性的因子 1. 風險愛好 不同個性的投資者,風險偏好很明顯的差異 e.g. 超長線存股族 v.s. 波段交易者 v.s. 短沖/當沖客 2. 技術 籌碼、價量、個股分析、產業分析、總經分析、政治分析 3. 時間 【資料蒐集的即時性】和【決策時間的有限性】 4. 流動性 管理一檔龐大的大型基金管理團隊(基金經理人、交易員)會考量「流動性」 否則大量籌碼難以出貨,對資金虧損的壓力非常巨大! ### 📌 康納曼(Kahneman)的名著:《快斯曼想》 1. 「注意力(attention)」是一種成本(budget),它是有限的 2. 當人們的「注意力轉移」時,放下原本 focus 的事件 3. 不尋常事件教會吸引讀者(新聞報導的聳動標題常常奏效:羊群效應) 4. 大腦世界不能反映真實世界 ➡️ 尤其人們常用「聯想」去記住各種事情,與準確的事實有落差 5. 人們害怕的事情總是被放進長期記憶 ### 📌 注意力定錨:價格常在一個數字上下浮動 * 康納曼(Kahneman)和 Tversky 實驗的研究發現 * 「盤整區間、箱型理論」的由來 * 處置效應;跌破箱型,進入處置,大家不敢賣 ➡️ 延伸應用:飢渴行銷 A: 康寶濃湯降價,「優惠價 XXX,限量12罐!」 B: 數量不限,定價 $XX 很多業者都得到 A 銷量較佳的實證結果 ### 📌 早期台股市場上的「整數關卡」效應 千元魔咒 & 萬點魔咒 大立光: 光學鏡頭 2011 年整數關卡有壓,券商報告分成兩大派 最後看好者 WIN,一路軋空突破千點   禾伸堂: 被動元件 碩禾: 太陽能 朋盛: 觸控式電容   台股每次上完點都有壓,最後才終於突破 ### 📌 可用性效應 1. 「容易聯想」比「數量」更重要 2. 對於那些「直覺的、容易聯想的、立即可用、切身相關、最近發生」等 非常鮮活的資訊 人們傾向於「放大資訊的重要性」 ➡️ 事件型交易: 許多【短線】熱門股的上漲 都發生在【短期民生事件】的【新聞報導】之後 ### 📌 過度自信的行為特質 非永久,只反映一個人【目前人生階段的思維】 可能因為人生經歷而改變 **過度自信** 的人比較可能上電視 因為他最能「侃侃而談」 但風險是 **自我評價過高** (總認為自己多數都是對的) 交易風險: 高估自己投組的價值 低估 **公司的營運風險、籌碼的風險**   研究發現:具有「過度自信」行為特質的群體 (1) **男 > 女** (2) **單身族群 > 已婚族群** ### 📌 後悔 * "有作為的後悔" 對人「情緒」的影響 比 "無作為的後悔" 更大 * 有作為的後悔: 買到賠錢貨,產生「早知道不買了」的後悔感(「財損之後」的心理負面影響) * 無作為的後悔: 事後(連續性的漲勢發生後)看到原本有 follow 的股票上班不能盯盤,沒買~ 產生「可惜」的 sensation ### 📌 特殊的財務行為 12 月(年尾,聖誕假期)賣掉賺錢的股票 ### 📌 賭資效應、蛇咬效應 1. 賭資效應 ➡️ 本夢比 ➡️ fu 糗 ➡️ .com bubble ➡️ 多頭的尾聲漲更多(短線大主力的邪惡第五波) 2. 蛇咬效應  ➡️ 一朝被蛇咬,十年怕草繩 ### 📌 擇「時」 ➡️ 規避「心理偏誤」的方法 「賭資效應」、「蛇咬效應」都會產生心理偏誤 規避的方式之一是 **「擇時」分析** 若僅是「摔股」結果,應以相對於市場指數計算漲跌 以免過度自信或過度自責 由此也可知投資市場 **禍福相倚** 「塞翁失馬,焉知非福」 ### 📌 心理帳戶 為何 (a) 散戶套牢不賣? (b) 賠錢公司不收掉賠錢的專案?   ➡️ 可以解釋為何「散戶常常『腳麻』,套牢跑不掉」 ➡️ 也可以解釋「失敗企業的『賠錢專案繼續加碼』決策」 1. 散戶心聲 OS: 都已經賠 OOXX 了,繼續工作、拿下個月薪水攤平 => 馬丁格爾 2. 失敗的專案經理: 我們團隊付出這麼多努力在這個「目前不賺錢」的 project 但有另外的選擇: 新的商機下,「margin 更高、執行難度更低」的 project 但會因為「我對 OOXX(股票、專案)有感情了」就做出「績效比較不佳」的固執決策 ### 📌 有趣的話題 「有趣的話題」通常來自文字的藻飾和包裝 1. 「很聰明的女人往往嫁給不那麼聰明的男人」 2. 「研究證實:智慧的相關無助於婚姻的『幸福感』」 3. 上述兩個 statement 都是同一件事 在 casual condition, party, small talks 當中 談論 (2) 會讓人覺得「太學術、嚴肅、boring」 談論 (1) 會讓人覺得「很有趣、很八卦、想參與討論」 ### 📌 統計上的「均值回歸」 1. 部分散戶常畫一條不是很多人用趨勢線,天真地以為未來會跟著的「歷史趨勢線」走 2. 反指標: 老謝在財訊上一提「台灣精銳」就跌、經理人很怕受訪,「利多見報」真的會影響自己基金標的績效 ### 📌 有限理性 「人類可以處理的資訊量為 7±2」 (Simon 在 MIS 資訊管理理論 提到) ### 📌 資訊的偏頗 「定義鬆散、故事性強」的技術分析工具 不同時間尺度,「你覺得 和 我覺得 和 他覺得」不一樣 => 不同趨勢線,不同多空判斷 常出現在第四台分析老師的投顧節目上 ➡️ e.g.1 艾略特波浪理論 ➡️ e.g.2 費氏序列 ### 📌 有限理性 ➡️ 有限理性:人類可以處理的資訊量為 7±2 ### 📌 確認的偏頗 固執的散戶思維、難接受新資訊的思考模式 ### 📌 電腦系統控管 1. 技術指標限制 * 五日均量 compare 倉位(現貨部位) * VoR 指標 * 週轉率設定 2. 法令問題 * 金融法規 * 警示 ➡️ 有問題 => 送「風控」 ### 📌 程式掃單 ETF 套利(a: ETF 一檔, b: 一籃子 ETF 成分股) 如果策略 workable 全市場都可驗證、使用

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