# keyring usage
[toc]
## 簡介keyring函式庫
The Python keyring library provides an easy way to access the system keyring service from python. It can be used in any application that needs safe password storage.

These recommended keyring backends are supported:

## 設定keyring backend
:::success
PYTHON_KEYRING_BACKEND="keyring.backends.null.Keyring" poetry self add poetry-dynamic-versioning-plugin
PYTHON_KEYRING_BACKEND="keyring.backends.null.Keyring" poetry self add poetry-dynamic-versioning-plugin
:::

## 安裝keyring
On Linux, the KWallet backend relies on **dbus-python**, which does not always install correctly when using pip (compilation is needed). For best results, install dbus-python as a system package.

## 使用 Keyring get/set
keyring.set_password and keyring.get_password:

:::success
import keyring
keyring.set_password("system", "username", "password")
keyring.get_password("system", "username")
'password'
:::
## Command-line Utility
Keyring supplies a keyring command which is installed with the package. After installing keyring in most environments, the command should be available for setting, getting, and deleting passwords. For more usage information, invoke with no arguments or with --help as so:

:::info
$ keyring --help
$ keyring set system username
Password for 'username' in 'system':
$ keyring get system username
password
:::
The command-line functionality is also exposed as an executable package, suitable for invoking from Python like so:

$ python -m keyring --help
$ python -m keyring set system username
Password for 'username' in 'system':
$ python -m keyring get system username
password

If installed via a package manager (apt, pacman, nix, homebrew, etc), these shell completions may already have been distributed with the package (no action required).

Keyring provides tab completion if the completion extra is installed:

$ pip install 'keyring[completion]'
Then, generate shell completions, something like:

### Configuring
The python keyring lib contains implementations for several backends. The library will attempt to automatically choose the most suitable backend for the current environment. Users may also specify the preferred keyring in a config file or by calling the set_keyring() function.

#### Config file path
The configuration is stored in a file named “keyringrc.cfg” found in a platform-specific location. To determine where the config file is stored, run the following:

:::success
python -c "import keyring.util.platform_; print(keyring.util.platform_.config_root())"
Some keyrings also store the keyring data in the file system. To determine where the data files are stored, run:

python -c "import keyring.util.platform_; print(keyring.util.platform_.data_root())"
Config file content
To specify a keyring backend, set the default-keyring option to the full path of the class for that backend, such as keyring.backends.OS_X.Keyring.
:::

If keyring-path is indicated, keyring will add that path to the Python module search path before loading the backend.

For example, this config might be used to load the SimpleKeyring from the simplekeyring module in the ./demo directory (not implemented):

[backend]
default-keyring=simplekeyring.SimpleKeyring
keyring-path=demo
Third-Party Backends
In addition to the backends provided by the core keyring package for the most common and secure use cases, there are additional keyring backend implementations available for other use cases. Simply install them to make them available:

keyrings.cryptfile - Encrypted text file storage.

keyring_jeepney - a pure Python backend using the secret service DBus API for desktop Linux.

keyrings.alt - “alternate”, possibly-insecure backends, originally part of the core package, but available for opt-in.

gsheet-keyring - a backend that stores secrets in a Google Sheet. For use with ipython-secrets.

bitwarden-keyring - a backend that stores secrets in the BitWarden password manager.

sagecipher - an encryption backend which uses the ssh agent protocol’s signature operation to derive the cipher key.

keyrings.osx_keychain_keys - OSX keychain key-management, for private, public, and symmetric keys.

Write your own keyring backend
The interface for the backend is defined by keyring.backend.KeyringBackend. Every backend should derive from that base class and define a priority attribute and three functions: get_password(), set_password(), and delete_password(). The get_credential() function may be defined if desired.

See the backend module for more detail on the interface of this class.

Keyring employs entry points to allow any third-party package to implement backends without any modification to the keyring itself. Those interested in creating new backends are encouraged to create new, third-party packages in the keyrings namespace, in a manner modeled by the keyrings.alt package. See the setup.cfg file in that project for hints on how to create the requisite entry points. Backends that prove essential may be considered for inclusion in the core library, although the ease of installing these third-party packages should mean that extensions may be readily available.

To create an extension for Keyring, please submit a pull request to have your extension mentioned as an available extension.

Runtime Configuration
Keyring additionally allows programmatic configuration of the backend calling the api set_keyring(). The indicated backend will subsequently be used to store and retrieve passwords.

To invoke set_keyring:

# define a new keyring class which extends the KeyringBackend
import keyring.backend

class TestKeyring(keyring.backend.KeyringBackend):
"""A test keyring which always outputs the same password
"""
priority = 1

def set_password(self, servicename, username, password):
pass

def get_password(self, servicename, username):
return "password from TestKeyring"

def delete_password(self, servicename, username):
pass

# set the keyring for keyring lib
keyring.set_keyring(TestKeyring())

# invoke the keyring lib
try:
keyring.set_password("demo-service", "tarek", "passexample")
print("password stored successfully")
except keyring.errors.PasswordSetError:
print("failed to store password")
print("password", keyring.get_password("demo-service", "tarek"))
Disabling Keyring
In many cases, uninstalling keyring will never be necessary. Especially on Windows and macOS, the behavior of keyring is usually degenerate, meaning it will return empty values to the caller, allowing the caller to fall back to some other behavior.

In some cases, the default behavior of keyring is undesirable and it would be preferable to disable the keyring behavior altogether. There are several mechanisms to disable keyring:

Uninstall keyring. Most applications are tolerant to keyring not being installed. Uninstalling keyring should cause those applications to fall back to the behavior without keyring. This approach affects the Python environment where keyring would otherwise have been installed.

Configure the Null keyring in the environment. Set PYTHON_KEYRING_BACKEND=keyring.backends.null.Keyring in the environment, and the Null (degenerate) backend will be used. This approach affects all uses of Keyring where that variable is set.

Permanently configure the Null keyring for the user by running keyring --disable or python -m keyring --disable. This approach affects all uses of keyring for that user.

Altering Keyring Behavior
Keyring provides a mechanism to alter the keyring’s behavior through environment variables. Each backend implements a KeyringBackend.set_properties_from_env, which when invoked will find all environment variables beginning with KEYRING_PROPERTY_{NAME} and will set a property for each {NAME.lower()} on the keyring. This method is invoked during initialization for the default/configured keyring.

This mechanism may be used to set some useful values on various keyrings, including:

keychain; macOS, path to an alternate keychain file

appid; Linux/SecretService, alternate ID for the application

Using Keyring on Ubuntu 16.04
The following is a complete transcript for installing keyring in a virtual environment on Ubuntu 16.04. No config file was used:

$ sudo apt install python3-venv libdbus-glib-1-dev
$ cd /tmp
$ pyvenv py3
$ source py3/bin/activate
$ pip install -U pip
$ pip install secretstorage dbus-python
$ pip install keyring
$ python
>>> import keyring
>>> keyring.get_keyring()
<keyring.backends.SecretService.Keyring object at 0x7f9b9c971ba8>
>>> keyring.set_password("system", "username", "password")
>>> keyring.get_password("system", "username")
'password'
Using Keyring on headless Linux systems
It is possible to use the SecretService backend on Linux systems without X11 server available (only D-Bus is required). In this case:

Install the GNOME Keyring daemon.

Start a D-Bus session, e.g. run dbus-run-session -- sh and run the following commands inside that shell.

Run gnome-keyring-daemon with --unlock option. The description of that option says:

Read a password from stdin, and use it to unlock the login keyring or create it if the login keyring does not exist.

When that command is started, enter a password into stdin and press Ctrl+D (end of data). After that, the daemon will fork into the background (use --foreground option to block).

Now you can use the SecretService backend of Keyring. Remember to run your application in the same D-Bus session as the daemon.

Using Keyring on headless Linux systems in a Docker container
It is possible to use keyring with the SecretService backend in Docker containers as well. All you need to do is install the necessary dependencies and add the –privileged flag to avoid any Operation not permitted errors when attempting to unlock the system’s keyring.

The following is a complete transcript for installing keyring on a Ubuntu 18:04 container:

docker run -it -d --privileged ubuntu:18.04

$ apt-get update
$ apt install -y gnome-keyring python3-venv python3-dev
$ python3 -m venv venv
$ source venv/bin/activate # source a virtual environment to avoid polluting your system
$ pip3 install --upgrade pip
$ pip3 install keyring
$ dbus-run-session -- sh # this will drop you into a new D-bus shell
$ echo 'somecredstorepass' | gnome-keyring-daemon --unlock # unlock the system's keyring

$ python
>>> import keyring
>>> keyring.get_keyring()
<keyring.backends.SecretService.Keyring object at 0x7f9b9c971ba8>
>>> keyring.set_password("system", "username", "password")
>>> keyring.get_password("system", "username")
'password'
Integration
API
The keyring lib has a few functions:

get_keyring(): Return the currently-loaded keyring implementation.

get_password(service, username): Returns the password stored in the active keyring. If the password does not exist, it will return None.

get_credential(service, username): Return a credential object stored in the active keyring. This object contains at least username and password attributes for the specified service, where the returned username may be different from the argument.

set_password(service, username, password): Store the password in the keyring.

delete_password(service, username): Delete the password stored in keyring. If the password does not exist, it will raise an exception.

In all cases, the parameters (service, username, password) should be Unicode text.

Exceptions
The keyring lib raises the following exceptions:

keyring.errors.KeyringError: Base Error class for all exceptions in keyring lib.

keyring.errors.InitError: Raised when the keyring cannot be initialized.

keyring.errors.PasswordSetError: Raised when the password cannot be set in the keyring.

keyring.errors.PasswordDeleteError: Raised when the password cannot be deleted in the keyring.

Get Involved
Python keyring lib is an open community project and eagerly welcomes contributors.

Repository: https://github.com/jaraco/keyring/

Bug Tracker: https://github.com/jaraco/keyring/issues/

Mailing list: http://groups.google.com/group/python-keyring

For Enterprise
Available as part of the Tidelift Subscription.

This project and the maintainers of thousands of other packages are working with Tidelift to deliver one enterprise subscription that covers all of the open source you use.

Learn more.

Security Contact
To report a security vulnerability, please use the Tidelift security contact. Tidelift will coordinate the fix and disclosure.

Security Considerations
Each built-in backend may have security considerations to understand before using this library. Authors of tools or libraries utilizing keyring are encouraged to consider these concerns.

As with any list of known security concerns, this list is not exhaustive. Additional issues can be added as needed.

macOS Keychain
Any Python script or application can access secrets created by keyring from that same Python executable without the operating system prompting the user for a password. To cause any specific secret to prompt for a password every time it is accessed, locate the credential using the Keychain Access application, and in the Access Control settings, remove Python from the list of allowed applications.

Freedesktop Secret Service
No analysis has been performed

KDE4 & KDE5 KWallet
No analysis has been performed

Windows Credential Locker
No analysis has been performed

Making Releases
This project makes use of automated releases and continuous integration. The simple workflow is to tag a commit and push it to Github. If it passes tests in CI, it will be automatically deployed to PyPI.

Other things to consider when making a release:

Check that the changelog is current for the intended release.

Running Tests
Tests are continuously run in Github Actions.

To run the tests locally, install and invoke tox.

Background
The project was based on Tarek Ziade’s idea in this post. Kang Zhang initially carried it out as a Google Summer of Code project, and Tarek mentored Kang on this project.

History
For Enterprise
Tidelift
Professional support for keyring is available as part of the Tidelift Subscription. Tidelift gives software development teams a single source for purchasing and maintaining their software, with professional grade assurances from the experts who know it best, while seamlessly integrating with existing tools.

LEARN MORE REQUEST A DEMO

keyring.delete_password(service_name: str, username: str) → None
Delete the password for the user in the specified service.

keyring.get_credential(service_name: str, username: str | None) → Credential | None
Get a Credential for the specified service.

keyring.get_keyring() → KeyringBackend
Get current keyring backend.

keyring.get_password(service_name: str, username: str) → str | None
Get password from the specified service.

keyring.set_keyring(keyring)
Set current keyring backend.

keyring.set_password(service_name: str, username: str, password: str) → None
Set password for the user in the specified service.

Keyring implementation support

class keyring.backend.Crypter
Bases: object

Base class providing encryption and decryption

abstract decrypt(value)
Decrypt the value.

abstract encrypt(value)
Encrypt the value.

class keyring.backend.KeyringBackend
Bases: object

The abstract base class of the keyring, every backend must implement this interface.

delete_password(service: str, username: str) → None
Delete the password for the username of the service.

If the backend cannot delete passwords, raise PasswordDeleteError.

get_credential(service: str, username: str | None) → Credential | None
Gets the username and password for the service. Returns a Credential instance.

The username argument is optional and may be omitted by the caller or ignored by the backend. Callers must use the returned username.

abstract get_password(service: str, username: str) → str | None
Get password of the username for the service

classmethod get_viable_backends()
Return all subclasses deemed viable.

name = 'backend KeyringBackend'
priority()
Each backend class must supply a priority, a number (float or integer) indicating the priority of the backend relative to all other backends. The priority need not be static – it may (and should) vary based attributes of the environment in which is runs (platform, available packages, etc.).

A higher number indicates a higher priority. The priority should raise a RuntimeError with a message indicating the underlying cause if the backend is not suitable for the current environment.

As a rule of thumb, a priority between zero but less than one is suitable, but a priority of one or greater is recommended.

abstract set_password(service: str, username: str, password: str) → None
Set password for the username of the service.

If the backend cannot store passwords, raise PasswordSetError.

set_properties_from_env()
For all KEYRING_PROPERTY_* env var, set that property.

viable = True
with_properties(**kwargs)
class keyring.backend.KeyringBackendMeta(name, bases, namespace, /, **kwargs)
Bases: ABCMeta

A metaclass that’s both an ABCMeta and a type that keeps a registry of all (non-abstract) types.

class keyring.backend.NullCrypter
Bases: Crypter

A crypter that does nothing

decrypt(value)
Decrypt the value.

encrypt(value)
Encrypt the value.

class keyring.backend.SchemeSelectable
Bases: object

Allow a backend to select different “schemes” for the username and service.

backend = SchemeSelectable()
backend._query('contoso', 'alice')
{'username': 'alice', 'service': 'contoso'}
backend._query('contoso')
{'service': 'contoso'}
backend.scheme = 'KeePassXC'
backend._query('contoso', 'alice')
{'UserName': 'alice', 'Title': 'contoso'}
backend._query('contoso', 'alice', foo='bar')
{'UserName': 'alice', 'Title': 'contoso', 'foo': 'bar'}
scheme = 'default'
schemes = {'KeePassXC': {'service': 'Title', 'username': 'UserName'}, 'default': {'service': 'service', 'username': 'username'}}
keyring.backend.get_all_keyring()
Return a list of all implemented keyrings that can be constructed without parameters.

Core API functions and initialization routines.

keyring.core.delete_password(service_name: str, username: str) → None
Delete the password for the user in the specified service.

keyring.core.disable()
Configure the null keyring as the default.

keyring.core.get_credential(service_name: str, username: str | None) → Credential | None
Get a Credential for the specified service.

keyring.core.get_keyring() → KeyringBackend
Get current keyring backend.

keyring.core.get_password(service_name: str, username: str) → str | None
Get password from the specified service.

keyring.core.init_backend(limit=None)
Load a detected backend.

keyring.core.load_config()
Load a keyring using the config file in the config root.

keyring.core.load_env()
Load a keyring configured in the environment variable.

keyring.core.load_keyring(keyring_name)
Load the specified keyring by name (a fully-qualified name to the keyring, such as ‘keyring.backends.file.PlaintextKeyring’)

keyring.core.recommended(backend)
keyring.core.set_keyring(keyring)
Set current keyring backend.

keyring.core.set_password(service_name: str, username: str, password: str) → None
Set password for the user in the specified service.

class keyring.credentials.Credential
Bases: object

Abstract class to manage credentials

abstract property password
abstract property username
class keyring.credentials.EnvironCredential(user_env_var, pwd_env_var)
Bases: Credential

Source credentials from environment variables.

Actual sourcing is deferred until requested.

Supports comparison by equality.

e1 = EnvironCredential('a', 'b')
e2 = EnvironCredential('a', 'b')
e3 = EnvironCredential('a', 'c')
e1 == e2
True
e2 == e3
False
property password
property username
class keyring.credentials.SimpleCredential(username, password)
Bases: Credential

Simple credentials implementation

property password
property username