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    --- tags: python --- # DAY 15 簡介類別 ## 建立類別和使用類別 我們可以使用類別( class )對幾乎任何事物進行塑模,照慣例來說**類別的第一個字母為大寫**,**屬於類別的函式我們稱之為方法**,以下的範例我們會提到一個__init__()方法,每當我們以類別建立一個實例的時候,python都會**自動執行這個方法**,這個方法的**開頭和結尾都有兩個底線**,那我們先來看範例吧 範例如下 : ```python= class Dog(): # 建立一個Dog類別 def __init__(self,name,age): self.name=name # 取得name參數中的值並將其存入name變數中 self.age=age # 取得age參數中的值並將其存入age變數中 def eat(self): # 定義一個eat方法 print(self.name + " is eating") def sleep(self): # 定義一個sleep方法 print(self.name + " is sleeping") dog1=Dog("tony",3) # 建立一個dog1實例 print("My dog's name is "+dog1.name+" and it's "+str(dog1.age)+" years old.") dog1.eat() # 呼叫eat方法 dog1.sleep() # 呼叫sleep方法 ``` 上述的程式碼還有一些地方需要講解一下,像是第二行的__init__方法我們放了三個參數進去,**self是必要的且必須放在其他參數前面**,self必須放在定義中是因為python呼叫__init__方法時,方法會**自動傳入self引數,每個與類別相關的方法呼叫都會自動傳入self引數** 第三行和第四行這裡所定義的兩個變數名字前面都有self開頭,以**self為前導的變數都能提供類別中的所有方法使用**,我們也可以由類別所建立的實例來存取這些變數,**可用實例來存取的變數就稱之為屬性** 至於第六行和第九行定義的eat方法和sleep方法,因為我們不需要傳入姓名和年齡,所以只要定義一個self參數即可 第十三行存取屬性的用法可用句點標示法,**先找到dog1實例,再尋找與實例連接的name屬性**,**這個屬性與Dog類別中的self.name指到的屬性相同** 第十五行和十六行的呼叫方法只需要**寫入實例的名稱和要呼叫的方法**,然後用句點分隔就可以呼叫該方法了 輸出結果 : ```python My dog's name is tony and it's 3 years old. tony is eating tony is sleeping ``` ## 建立多個實例 我們可以依照需要建立多個實例,每個實例都是單獨的,有屬於自己的一組屬性,也能執行相同方法,我們使用上面的Dog類別來舉例 範例如下 : ```python= class Dog(): def __init__(self,name,age): self.name=name self.age=age def eat(self): print(self.name + " is eating") def sleep(self): print(self.name + " is sleeping") dog1=Dog("tony",3) print("My dog's name is "+dog1.name+" and it's "+str(dog1.age)+" years old.") dog1.eat() dog2=Dog("candy",2) print("Your dog's name is "+dog1.name+" and it's "+str(dog2.age)+" years old.") dog2.sleep() ``` 輸出結果 : ```python My dog's name is tony and it's 3 years old. tony is eating Your dog's name is tony and it's 2 years old. candy is sleeping ``` #### 今天結束,各位明天見 :hand: *** 資料來源:<<python程式設計的樂趣>>-Eric Matthes著/H&C譯

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