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    {%hackmd @KanKunI/Theme %} # 瑪雅文字 ###### tags: `瑪雅文明` ## Numerical system 康斯坦丁 拉菲奈斯可 ( Constantine Rafinesque ) 他關注於這些橫線和圓點的個數,他表示 : 「你從未看到超過四個的圓點,一條橫線可能代表數字5」。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/DAJCwOH.gif) ![](https://i.imgur.com/bQNDw4i.gif) ## Dresden Codex 恩斯特 弗斯特曼 ( Ernst Forstemann ),一名圖書館員,試圖琢磨 「 德雷斯頓抄本 ( Dresden Codex ) 」。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/LwaIsuW.jpg) * 他發現瑪雅人發明一種曆法可以用來標記時間,甚至探究天文學。 * 他發現德雷斯頓抄本對於月蝕、日蝕時間的精確預測以及跟蹤金星運行週期的紀錄表格跟戰爭有關。 * 他最了不起的成就在於,他發現德雷斯頓抄本中大量數字可以追朔到一個特定的日期,瑪雅人認為,這一天是創世之日 : 「 4 Ahau 8 Cumku 」 ( 瑪雅語 ),換成西方曆法,即公元前3114年8月13日。 ## Thompson-numbers 瑪雅銘文日期標註專家 J.艾瑞克 湯普森 ( J.Eric Thompson ) <div style="background-color:white;text-align: center;"> ![](https://i.imgur.com/DjOZ9t0.jpg =300x)![](https://i.imgur.com/f6hFdyz.jpg =300x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/LOkotZ7.jpg =300x)![](https://i.imgur.com/IFfYaAX.jpg =300x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/VTejRT7.jpg =300x)![](https://i.imgur.com/yEuNiAA.jpg =300x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/k8hAAh1.jpg =300x)![](https://i.imgur.com/txyK3lI.jpg =300x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/2WOVuzp.jpg =300x)![](https://i.imgur.com/bVgA6y7.jpg =300x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/LavkLaC.jpg =300x)![](https://i.imgur.com/rRTABJ6.jpg =300x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/DPLnRMm.jpg =300x)![](https://i.imgur.com/ZoHL3kW.jpg =300x) </div> * 創立一種嚴謹的分類體系,將學者們稱為 湯普森-數字 ( Thompson-numbers ) 或 T-數字 ( T-numbers ) 的數碼,歸納為800多個瑪雅符號。 * 他認為瑪雅人根本沒有任何體系可言,僅僅不過擁有一些日期和天文學而已,簡單地說,不過是些神秘的儀式,瑪雅人用來與他們所崇信的天神溝通。 ## Series Of Stelae 塔蒂阿娜 普羅斯庫利亞科夫 ( Tatiana Proskouriakoff ) * 藝術中的圖形代表祭司與天神,銘文是紀錄天堂祕密的符號。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/tr9GcHA.jpg) * 她注意到,瑪雅人會在神廟前安放一系列「古碑」,每五年安放一塊,每個系列的首塊石碑通常表現的是一個安坐在石龕中的人物形象。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/2SiQahO.jpg =x600) * 她將系列中的每塊石碑標明了題獻的日期,其中幾塊還標有另外的神祕日期伴隨著包裹在布料中的鳥頭象形,湯普森稱其為「牙痛象形文」。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/AHDdxyw.jpg) * 她研究牙痛文日期之間12到31年間的另外一個日期時找到了一條線索,伴隨最早日期的通常是一個倒置的鬣蜥頭部形象,她推測第一個象形字是表示出生的象形,接下來的象形字可能代表登上王位的日期。這些日期與她的理論完全符合,從一個國王出生到下一個國王即位,時間從未超過60年,一個合理的人類生命週期。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/tNPGlsK.jpg) ## Madrid Codex 尤里 瓦倫提諾維奇 科諾魯索夫 ( Yuri Valentinovich Knorosov ) 一位年輕軍官,在國家圖書館的廢墟中發現德雷斯頓抄本 ( Dresden Codex )、馬德里抄本 ( Madrid Codex ) 、 巴黎的瑪雅手跡印製精美的黑白副本。 他讀到一篇文章在結論宣稱瑪雅象形文字無法破解使他視為一個挑戰,並在取得語言學學位後成為湯普森團隊中的俄國瑪雅學家。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/TOuNWqL.jpg) * 他知道在破解一個未知的書寫體系時應如何起步,也就是符號的計數。 * 如果一種文字有20至30個符號,那麼他可能是字母 ( alphabetic ),代表一種拼音文字 ( somalian alphabet )。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/uzamgIZ.png) * 如果有80至100個符號,那麼他有可能是以音節 ( syllables ) 為基礎。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/tazWnhR.png) * 但如果一個腳本有幾百個符號,那肯定是表意文字 ( logographic ) 或是用符號組成整字的表意文字。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/EVuJymm.png) 一種類似漢語的表意文字,擁有成千上萬的符號對應成千上萬個字。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/J5vJm1d.jpg) * 瑪雅文字有大約800個符號,這對拼音文字來說顯然太多,相對於一字一個符號的表意文字來說又顯然太少,所以學者們假設,瑪雅文字是一種有限表意文字體系,僅由幾百個字符構成。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/X9I2TjV.jpg) * 但他知道,沒有任何一種書寫體系純粹由單一一種符號構成,他意識到瑪雅文字是一種混合體系,包括文字符號和語音符號。 * 按照這種思路,他轉而研究馬德里抄本,在這抄本中,四個方向的象形文字已被選出來。 * 他將主攻方向放在表示「西」的象形文字上尋找音節,這個字由兩個符號組成。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/zivV0w7.jpg) * 下半部是太陽符,用四個輻條或花瓣描述所有變化。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/IJn9iTU.jpg) * 上半部是一隻手,由相對的拇指和食指構成。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/JTvQv5F.jpg) * 湯普森論證手的符號表示「完成」的意思,並將這個象形文字解讀為「太陽完結」或日落,因而代表西方,並認為象形文字代表的是意思而非聲音。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/hCthATh.jpg) * 但科諾魯索夫對此持異議,他懷疑象形文字與瑪雅口語的發音有關聯。他知道在瑪雅語中「西」字讀作「chik'in」,「太陽」字讀作「k'in」,因此他提議手的符號應理解為音節並非用來表示「完成」,其讀音應為「chi」,他與表示太陽的與標結合便構成「chik'in」的發音。他鑑別了其他象形字中的音節,證實至少有一些與瑪雅口語的發音相符。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/6N2sEIr.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/8AQSNR2.png) ## Lord Shield 林達 什利 ( Linda Schele ) 與 皮特 馬修 ( Peter Mathews )合作重建帕倫克王朝的歷史。 * 他們知道在帕倫克一些皇家姓氏,被冠以一個頭銜---一個長翅膀的太陽標記。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/PJwyAtH.jpg) * 他們發現超過40個名字被冠以皇家頭銜,每一個都伴有一個日期和描述在那個日期所發生事件的象形文字,例如 : 一個倒置的鬣蜥頭顱表示出生。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/ued9KJU.png) * 他們將出生、死亡、典禮按日期順序重新排序,某種模式出現了 : 一位統治者現身了,他們稱為「戰盾王 ( Lord Shield ) 」。他生於603年3月23日,代表他名字的象形文字以一面勇士的戰盾為特徵。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/T0VQUzq.png) * 這個結果引領他們回到帕倫克最雄偉的建築碑銘神廟 ( Temple of the inscriptions ) 。神廟內石板上的象形文字的涵義幾百年來一直令人困惑不解,他們現在看懂石板上鐫刻的全是有關「戰盾王」的生平,及其人生中最重要事件的紀錄。當時在神廟發現隱密的樓梯直通地穴密室,裡頭是一副石灰石質的石棺,棺內躺著一具人類的遺骸且臉部戴著玉石面具,他們意識到這必定是「戰盾王」的遺骸,這是第一次將象形文字與一位瑪雅統治者的遺骸連繫在一起。 * 一位當地嚮導 摩斯 莫拉裡斯 ( Moises Morales ) 說 : 為什麼每當如此重大發現產生時總用英語名字比如「戰盾王 ( Lord Shield ) 」或用西班牙語名字比如「艾斯卡多 ( Escudo ) 」之類進行命名 , 這些人講瑪雅語 。 所以這位國王被命名為「巴加爾 ( Pakal ) 」,這是一個瑪雅詞彙,後來證實他的含義是「盾」 ## Comprehensible system 戴維 斯圖爾特 ( David Stuart ) 小時候父親帶他去考古現場,他父親描繪石碑,他看到後拿起蠟筆、紙張和其他東西出發開始畫象形文字。 * 湯普森曾經指出其中一個代表向前數到一個新的日期,另一個符號代表向後數到一個過去的日期,兩個象形文字共享一個通用符號,湯普森稱之為「水符號」或「鯊魚頭」或瑪雅語的「xo'oc」。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/t8xRvBf.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/HGIiQT0.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/ZIls3aR.png) * 但是斯圖爾特發現其他幾種符號也可替代鯊魚頭 : 一個人頭,一個猴頭或是括號形狀的符號。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/0hiFGEM.png) * 那所有這些符號都代表「數」數字嗎 ? 他認為有一種更簡單的解釋 : 括號標記也是語音符號對應音節 " u "。他意識到所有這些符號只是簡單地代表音節 " u ",每個符號都可以自由替換括號 " u "。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/T5TeXCr.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/LX9Gx7v.png) 在瑪雅語中,「iut」的意思是「那時發生了」,「utiy」的意思是「自他發生後」 * 碑銘學家一直在找尋一個單一符號用以對應每個音節的發音,但如果有不只一個符號代表 " u " , 那麼其他音節也可能是這樣。使瑪雅書寫文字如此複雜的一個原因是他們熱衷於這種替換,一個發音有13、14、15種不同的形式,他們厭惡不斷地重複,而喜愛展現新變化,對那些替代形式的認可,克服了瑪雅文字的複雜,使之成為一種簡單易學的語言體系。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/g9z1s3l.jpg =x600) * 每次瑪雅書記員書寫一個特定字或短語時他可能選擇多種符號並按新的方法進行組合 ![](https://i.imgur.com/6c2GWst.jpg) * 一個符號會被抽象地寫成人類、動物或天神的頭 ![](https://i.imgur.com/rX7fm2A.jpg) * 一個符號可能被加入另一個裡面 ![](https://i.imgur.com/GjhG0X2.jpg) * 或是部分重疊 ![](https://i.imgur.com/ptssKVL.jpg) ## Structure ![](https://i.imgur.com/50VgZph.png =x200) ## References 影片 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdvU5JRyIPg 維基百科 : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_script

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