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    # 計算機網路 Ch01 - Introduction ###### tags: `計網` [![](https://img.shields.io/badge/dynamic/json?color=orange&label=總觀看人數&query=%24.viewcount&url=https://hackmd.io/EWDLcpLLSdOTuCFu8KCVuQ%2Finfo)]() ## 1.1 what is the Internet? ### What is the Internet: nuts and bolts view 由點和線所構成的網路 * 點: host = end system * 線: fiber, copper, radio, satellite * 交換點: routers, switches ### What's a protocol? ![](https://i.imgur.com/h3mCynw.png) **protocol**: 協定,就像我們人在溝通一樣,必須要有同樣的語言及格式。 ## 1.2 network edge ![](https://i.imgur.com/RvgBwyG.png) * network edge(網路邊緣): 包括client和server。 * access networks, physical media(傳送方式): 有線或無線傳輸。 * network core(網路核心): router(路由器)所構成的網路。 ### Access network(有線網路) #### Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) ![](https://i.imgur.com/XCqv87r.png) #### Cable network ![](https://i.imgur.com/SaUtch7.png) **frequency division multiplexing(頻率分流多工)**: 分割不同的頻率給不同的用途。 #### Home network ![](https://i.imgur.com/0xcAqq8.png) #### Enterprise access networks (Ethernet) ![](https://i.imgur.com/oDRNvu1.png) ### Wireless access networks(無線網路) #### wireless LANs 速度快,但距離短,ex: WiFi #### wide-area wireless access 速度較慢,但距離遠,ex: 行動網路 ### Packet(封包) 整個檔案會被切成小的片段,稱為Packet(封包)。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/OP5YLDF.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/sdengeX.png) **封包傳送延遲(packet transmission delay) = 封包長度(L) / 傳送速率(R\)** ### Physical media #### twisted pair(TP): 雙絞線 成本低,兩電線對絞,可減少電磁干擾,ex: 電話線、網路線 #### coaxial cable: 同軸電纜 遠距離傳輸,ex: 電視 #### fiber optic cable: 光纖 傳遞速度快且正確率高,但脆弱 ## 1.3 network core ### Packet switching #### Routing & Forwarding ![](https://i.imgur.com/24nmCEu.png) * **routing**: 決定封包傳遞的路徑,依照routing algorithm算出local forwarding table。 * **forwarding**: 依照local forwarding table,將封包移動到對應的出口。 #### Queueing delay & Data loss ![](https://i.imgur.com/VY8wIrr.png) * **queueing delay**: 封包在queue上等待的時間。 * **data loss**: 當queue滿的時候,新進來的封包會被捨棄,導致資料遺失。 ### Circuit switching ![](https://i.imgur.com/ayRqmq6.png) 1. 計算路徑並打招呼 2. 建立專屬的連線 #### FDM & TDM ![](https://i.imgur.com/ehf9vrn.png) * FDM: 依頻率分流 * TDM: 依時間分流 ### Packet switching vs. Circuit switching #### Packet switching * 優點: 不需要先建立路徑,可共享資源,能承受較多的使用者。 * 缺點: 有延遲和封包遺失的風險。 * ex: 網際網路 #### Circuit switching * 優點: 連線品質穩定。 * 缺點: 需要先建立路徑,頻寬閒置時浪費資源。 * ex: 電話 ### Internet structure: network of networks ![](https://i.imgur.com/ZI7qkOw.png) 網路的架構是錯綜複雜的,通常兩點間不只一條路徑而已。 ## 1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks ### 四種封包延遲 ![](https://i.imgur.com/ptGsYRW.png) * **nodal processing delay**: 在router中check bit errors以及determine output link所需時間。 * **queueing delay**: 在queue中等待的時間。 * **transmission delay**: 將整個封包從router的input移動到output所花費的時間。 * **propagation delay**: 封包從這個router傳送到下個router所花費的時間。 ### Queueing delay ![](https://i.imgur.com/as7Uu2M.png) La/R ~ 0: 延遲小 La/R ~ 1: 延遲大 La/R > 1: 延遲變無限大,quere被塞爆。 ### Throughput(吞吐率) ![](https://i.imgur.com/pXnNidT.png) **Throughput = min(R~s~, R~c~)** ![](https://i.imgur.com/1aAf6np.png) **Throughput = min(R~s~, R~c~, R/10)** ## 1.5 protocol layers, service models ![](https://i.imgur.com/AwXHcVs.png) * application(應用層): 應用程式相關。ex: FTP, SMTP, HTTP * transport(運輸層): 應用層和網路層的橋樑。ex: TCP, UDP * network(網路層): 從Source傳遞封包到Destination。ex: IP, routing protocols * link(連結層): 連結實體層和網路層。ex: Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP * physical(實體層): 實體線路,運送資料型態為bit ![](https://i.imgur.com/4V4xsTk.png) ## 1.6 networks under attack: security * malware(惡意軟體) * virus(病毒): 主動執行感染 * worm(蠕蟲): 被動執行感染 * spyware malware(間諜軟體): 竊取他人資料 * Denial of Service(DoS): 同一個client對同一個server發出多次請求,癱瘓其系統。 * Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS): 多個client同時對同一個server發出請求,癱瘓其系統。較難預防 * packet sniffing: 攔截封包副本 * IP spoofing: 冒用其他人的身分

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