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    # 2020年7月30日 上課 ###### tags: `高中化學` ## 第一階段:隨機抽問 1. (簡答題)請陳述化學平衡(chemical equilibrium)的充分必要條件。 2. (是非題)一個化學平衡系統必然是封閉系統(closed system)。 3. (簡答題)一個配平(balanced)的反應式,將其係數乘以 $n$,其平衡常數 $K$ 將如何變化? 4. (是非題)假設 $k_+$ 表示正反應速率常數、$k_-$ 表示逆反應速率常數,則 $K$ 必然可以寫成 $K=k_+/k_-$ 5. (證明題)對於一般的反應式 $$a\text{A}+b\text{B}+\cdots\rightleftharpoons c\text{C}+d\text{D}+\cdots$$ 而言,證明 $K_\text{p}=K_\text{c}(RT)^{\Delta n}$,其中 $\Delta n$ 是氣相生成物係數和減去氣相反應物係數和。 6. (簡答題)說明勒沙特列原理(Le Châtelier’s principle)。 7. (簡答題)對於僅含有氣態物種(gaseous species)的平衡系統而言,分別在定壓下和定容下加入鈍氣會怎麼影響反應平衡? 8. (計算題)已知 $\text{BaCrO}_4$ 及 $\text{Ag}_2\text{CrO}_4$ 的溶度積常數分別為 $1.2\times 10^{-10}$ 和 $2.5\times 10^{-12}$。若讓它們兩者分別溶於 $0.10~\text{M}$ 的 $\text{CrO}_4^{2-}$ 溶液中,何者較容易溶解? 9. (是非題)離子積大於溶度積時,代表過飽和(supersaturation)。 10. (簡答題)請回答下列沉澱物顏色、溶液顏色、離子在水溶液中的顏色(全對才給分): 1. $\text{SCN}^-_{(\text{aq})}$ 2. $\text{AgCl}_{(\text{s})}$ 3. $\text{Ba}\text{CrO}_{4(\text{s})}$ 4. $\text{ZnS}_{(\text{s})}$ 5. $\text{KMnO}_{4(\text{aq})}$ ### 答題狀況 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | +2 | +2 | +2 | +0 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +0 | 說明:從7月30日上課開始,計分方式為 - 完整答對得2分, - 依靠口頭提示且完整答對得1分, - 其他情況得0分。 請注意依靠書面提示也屬於其他狀況。 ## 第二階段:觀念統整 #### 平衡常數的定義與性質 **定義**. 以下是一個經驗關係([empirical relationship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_relationship),指基於實驗與觀察而得到的關係):對每一個可逆反應 $$a\text{A}+b\text{B}+\cdots\rightleftharpoons c\text{C}+d\text{D}+\cdots\tag{1}$$ 而言,可以寫出表示式 $$K_\text{c}=\dfrac{[\text{C}]^c[\text{D}]^d\cdots}{[\text{A}]^a[\text{B}]^b\cdots},\tag{2}$$ 其中 $[\text{X}]$ 為物種 $\text{X}$ 的濃度。$K_\text{c}$ 是濃度的**平衡常數**。(2) 式有時稱為**化學平衡定律**(law of chemical equilibrium),[^1] 但最初 G.W.Guldberg 與 P.Waage 發現這個定律時是稱之為**質量作用定律**(law of mass action)。[^2] 若(1)式所含之物種均為氣態,即$$a\text{A}_{(\text{g})}+b\text{B}_{(\text{g})}+\cdots\rightleftharpoons c\text{C}_{(\text{g})}+d\text{D}_{(\text{g})}+\cdots\tag{3}$$ 而言,可定義壓力的平衡常數 $K_\text{p}$ 為 $$K_\text{p}=\dfrac{(P_\text{C})^c\,(P_\text{D})^d\cdots}{(P_\text{A})^a\,(P_\text{B})^b\cdots},\tag{4}$$ 其中 $P_{\,\text{X}}$ 表示物種 $\text{X}_{\text{(g)}}$ 的分壓。 由理想氣體方程式 $$P_{\,\text{X}}V=n_{\text{X}}RT$$ 推得 $$P_{\,\text{X}}=\left(\dfrac{n_\text{X}}{V}\right)RT=C_\text{X}RT,\tag{5}$$ 其中 $C_{\,\text{X}}$ 表示物種 $\text{X}_{\text{(g)}}$ 的體積莫耳濃度,可求出 $K_\text{p}$ 與 $K_\text{c}$ 的關係為 $$K_\text{p}=K_\text{c}(RT)^{\Delta n}\tag{6}$$,其中 $\Delta n$ 是氣相生成物係數和減去氣相反應物係數和。 **性質**. 1. $K$ 值越**大**,代表向**右**反應趨勢較大;$K$ 值越**小**,代表向**左**反應趨勢較大。 2. $K$ 值**極大**,可視為向**右單向**反應;$K$ 值**極小**,可視為向**左單向**反應。 3. $K$ 值的單位通常為濃度的冪次,如 $\text{M}^\alpha$。 4. 平衡常數 $K$ 與反應商 $Q$ (用初始濃度代入平衡定律式的值)之關係: 1. $Q>K$:系統向左移動 2. $Q=K$:系統已達成平衡 3. $Q<K$:系統向右移動 5. 反應式運算 6. 影響 $K$ 的因素:溫度 7. 非勻相(異質) #### 解平衡問題的步驟 ::: info 1. 寫出配平的反應式。 2. 寫出平衡定律式 $K$。 3. 列出初始濃度。 4. 計算反應商 $Q$,決定反應方向。 5. 把其中一個物種達平衡所需的改變量令為未知數(例如 $x$),並用各物種的初始濃度與改變量算出它們的平衡濃度。 6. 把平衡濃度都代入平衡定律式,使平衡定律式變成含有一個未知數的方程式。 7. 解出方程式;其中通過「$5\%$ 誤差試驗」的因式可以採用概算值,以簡化方程式。 8. 檢查算出的平衡濃度是否滿足平衡表示式。 ::: #### 改變平衡的因素 1. 添加/減少物種濃度 2. 改變系統的壓力/體積 3. 改變系統的溫度 #### 平衡常數的應用 1. 用於溶解平衡 - $K_\text{sp}$:溶度積常數(solubility product) 2. 用於解離平衡 - $K_\text{a}$、$K_\text{b}$:酸/鹼解離常數(acid/base dissociation constant) ,又稱酸度(acidity)與鹼度(basicity) - $K_\text{w}$:離子積常數(ionization product) 3. 用於水解平衡 - $K_\text{a}'$、$K_\text{b}'$:酸/鹼水解常數(acid/base hydrolysis constant) #### 溶解平衡 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Pon4XeZ.png) ### 二、題型 #### 題型1. 以平衡濃度/壓力計算 $K$ 值 一溶液含 $0.100~\text{M}$ 的 $\text{HIO}_{4}$,在 $25^\circ\text{C}$ 時被發現含有 $0.038~\text{M}$ 的 $\text{H}^+$,用此資料找出 $\text{HIO}_{4}$ 解離平衡的 $K_\text{c}$ 值。 *答案:* $K_\text{c}=2.3\times 10^{-2}~\text{M}$ [^1](p.504) #### 題型2. 涉及 $K$ 值特性的計算 已知在高溫 $127^\circ\text{C}$ 下,哈伯製氨法(Haber process,反應式為 $\text{N}_{2(g)}+3\text{H}_{2(g)}\rightleftharpoons 2\text{NH}_{3(g)}$)的平衡常數是 $3.8\times 10^4~\text{M}^{-2}$,求以下兩反應式的平衡常數: - (a) $2\text{NH}_{3(g)}\rightleftharpoons \text{N}_{2(g)}+3\text{H}_{2(g)}$ - (b) $\frac{1}{2}\text{N}_{2(g)}+\frac{3}{2}\text{H}_{2(g)}\rightleftharpoons \text{NH}_{3(g)}$ *答案:* (a) $2.6\times 10^{-5}~\text{M}^{-2}$,(b) $1.9\times 10^2~\text{M}^{-1}$ [^2](p.174) #### 題型3. 使用反應商判斷平衡方向 在 $500^\circ\text{C}$ 時,以氫氣與氮氣製成氨的平衡常數是 $6.0\times 10^{-2}$ | 系統 | $[\text{NH}_3]_0$ | $[\text{N}_2]_0$ | $[\text{H}_2]_0$ | |:----:|:-----------------------------:|:-----------------------------:|:-----------------------------:| | 甲 | $1.0\times 10^{-3}~\text{M}$ | $1.0\times 10^{-5}~\text{M}$ | $2.0\times 10^{-3}~\text{M}$ | | 乙 | $2.00\times 10^{-4}~\text{M}$ | $1.50\times 10^{-5}~\text{M}$ | $3.54\times 10^{-1}~\text{M}$ | | 丙 | $1.0\times 10^{-4}~\text{M}$ | $5.0~\text{M}$ | $1.0\times 10^{-2}~\text{M}$ | *答案:* 系統甲向左;系統乙不移動;系統丙向右。[^2] (p.181) #### 題型4. 以 $K$ 值計算平衡濃度/壓力 假定在某特定溫度下,由氫氣與氟氣生成氣態氟化氫的平衡常數為 $1.15\times 10^2$。在此溫度下,加入氫氣與氟氣各 $3.000$ 莫耳到 $1.500$ 公升的燒瓶。請計算各物種的平衡濃度。 *答案:*$[\text{H}_2]=[\text{F}_2]=0.472~\text{M}$、$[\text{BrCl}]=5.056~\text{M}$ [^2](p.182) #### 題型4$'$. 結合題型1與2 溴與氯可溶解在四氯化碳中反應,生成氯化溴。在一公升容器中混合溴、氯與四氯化碳,達平衡狀態時,測得溴與氯的濃度都是 $0.0043~\text{M}$,氯化溴的濃度是 $0.0114~\text{M}$。 - (a) 計算此反應之 $K_\text{c}$。*答案:*$7.0$(無量綱) - (b) 於容器中再加入 $0.0100$ 莫耳的溴,假定體積的改變可以忽略,計算重新達到平衡時,三物種之濃度。 *答案:*$[\text{Cl}_2]=0.0025~\text{M}$、$[\text{Br}_2]=0.0125~\text{M}$、$[\text{BrCl}]=0.0150~\text{M}$ [^1](p.506) #### 題型5. 以 $K$ 值計算平衡濃度/壓力; $K$ 值很小 考慮氣態 $\text{NOCl}$ 分解成氣態 $\text{NO}$ 與 氣態 $\text{Cl}_2$ 的反應。在 $35^\circ\text{C}$ 時,平衡常數是 $1.6\times 10^{-5}~\text{mol}/\text{L}$。在某實驗中,我們將 $1.0$ 莫耳的 $\text{NOCl}$ 置於 $2.0$ 公升的燒瓶,則各物種的平衡濃度為何? *答案:*[^2](p.186) #### 題型6. 以 $K$ 值計算平衡時濃度/壓力; $K$ 值很大 氫氣與氣態碘在 $1000~\text{K}$ 時反應產生氣態碘化氫的平衡常數是 $29.1$。若此系統原含有 $[\text{H}]=[\text{I}_2]=10~\text{M}$,則在平衡狀態下,$[\text{HI}]$ 為多少? #### 題型7. 非勻相(heterogeneous)平衡系統 #### 題型8. 以溶度積 $K_\text{sp}$ 求溶解度 $S$ #### 題型9. 以溶解度 $S$ 求溶度積 $K_\text{sp}$ #### 題型10. 使用離子積 $Q_i$ 判斷平衡方向 #### 題型11. 共同離子效應(common ion effect) ## 第三階段:解答課前提問 ### Unit 5 Pg92 例12 ### Unit 6 Pg111 例9 [^1]: 曾國輝(2003)。化學(上冊)第二版。台北市:藝軒。 [^2]: Steven S. Zumdahl & Donald J. Decoste, Chemical Principle, 8th edition

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