# STAT1013: Markdown Documentation

## Table of Contents
[ToC]

## Cheat Sheet

### Heading

# H1: CUHK
## H2: CUHK-STAT
### H3: CUHK-STAT1013

### Bold

**statistics**

### Italic

*machine learning*

### Blockquote

> *"All models are wrong, but some are useful." --- George Box*

### Ordered List

1. Python
2. C/C++
3. R

### Unordered List

- colab
- Jupyter notebook
- Markdown

### Code

We will use `pd.DataFrame` in **STAT1013**.

### Code cell

import numpy as np
import panads as pd
print('hello world!')

### Horizontal Rule

---

### Link

[Markdown Guide](https://www.markdownguide.org)
[CUHK-STAT1013](https://www.bendai.org/CUHK-STAT1013/)

### Image


### Footnote

Here's a sentence with a footnote. [^1]

[^1]: This is the footnote.

### Table

| Colleges | Year established [^2] |
| ----------- | ----------- |
| New Asia College | 1941 |
| Chung Chi College | 1951 |
| United College | 1956 |
| Shaw College | 1986 |
| Morningside College | 2006 |
| S.H. Ho College | 2006 |
| CW Chu College | 2007 |
| Lee Woo Sing College | 2007 |
| Wu Yee Sun College | 2007 |

[^2]: Source: [Wiki: Colleges of the Chinese University of Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong)

### Definition List

Mathematics
: Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes.

Computer Science
: Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information.

Statistics
: Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.

### Strikethrough


**MD Anderson ~~Cancer~~ Center**

### Task List

- [x] Make a to-do list
- [x] Youtube
- [x] Twitter
- [x] Facebook
- [x] ...
- [ ] study for tmr's final

### Emoji

:horse: + :checkered_flag: = :horse_racing:
:package: + :microphone: = :boxing_glove:
:keycap_ten: + :sos: = :tennis:

([Emoji Cheat Sheet](https://github.com/ikatyang/emoji-cheat-sheet/blob/master/README.md))

### Highlight

Statistics is the discipline that concerns the ==collection==, ==organization==, ==analysis==, ==interpretation==, and ==presentation== of data.

### Subscript

H~2~O

### Superscript

X^2^

### Math formula

$$
f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c
$$

---

## Technical report

[Monty Hall Problem report](https://hackmd.io/@cTHE1QvtQuKo2qiAA5u0dA/rycz2z4qj)

## CV

[CV template](https://hackmd.io/@cTHE1QvtQuKo2qiAA5u0dA/SyvB3nGcs)

## Platforms use Markdown

- **GitHub**: This platform for hosting code repositories primarily uses Markdown for README files, issues, and pull requests discussions.
- **StackOverflow**: One of the leading platforms for developers, it uses Markdown to format questions and answers.
- **Reddit**: Users can use Markdown to format their posts and comments.
- **Notion**: A note-taking and organization tool also supports Markdown.
- **VS Code and Atom**: These code editors support Markdown as a language and have a preview feature.
- **Discord**: A popular chat platform, especially for gamers, where users can utilize Markdown to format their messages.

## Conclusion

Using Markdown has become increasingly popular for various reasons, particularly in the realms of web content, documentation, and collaborative writing. Its simplicity, flexibility, and compatibility make it an essential tool for many writers, developers, and content creators. Below are several reasons why Markdown is widely used and valued:

1. **Ease of Learning and Use**: Markdown's syntax is straightforward, which makes it easy to learn and use, even for those who are new to content creation or programming. This simplicity allows writers to focus more on the content rather than on the formatting.

2. **Plain Text Format**: Markdown is written in plain text, which means it can be edited with any text editor, is highly portable, and ensures longevity. Plain text files are not dependent on specific software, decreasing the chances of file corruption or format incompatibility over time.

3. **Versatility and Compatibility**: Markdown files can be converted into many formats, such as HTML, PDF, and DOCX, making it a versatile choice for various outputs—from web pages to printed documents. This flexibility is particularly useful in workflows that require content to be presented or published across different media.

4. **Enhanced Readability**: Markdown syntax is designed to be as readable as possible, aligning with the natural flow of text. This feature makes it easier for others to understand the structure and intention behind the content, even before it is rendered into its final form.

5. **Widely Supported**: Markdown has been adopted by many platforms, such as GitHub, Reddit, and Stack Overflow, for writing documentation, comments, and posts. Its widespread use ensures that skills in Markdown are broadly applicable and useful across various contexts.

6. **Ideal for Web Content**: Given its simplicity and the ease with which it can be converted into HTML, Markdown is particularly suited for writing web content. This efficiency streamlines the content creation process for websites, blogs, and other online platforms.

7. **Support for Extended Features**: Through various implementations and extensions, Markdown supports additional features not originally included in its specification, such as tables, footnotes, and fenced code blocks. These enhancements allow users to achieve more complex formatting when necessary.

8. **Promotes Concentration on Content**: Because Markdown abstracts away much of the formatting complexity, writers can concentrate more on the content itself rather than on intricate details of presentation. This focus on content can improve writing quality and efficiency.

9. **Facilitates Collaboration**: Markdown's simplicity and text-based nature make it an excellent choice for collaborative writing and version control systems. Changes are easily tracked, and merging contributions from multiple authors is more straightforward than with rich text formats.

In summary, Markdown offers a unique combination of simplicity, flexibility, and compatibility that suits a wide range of writing, documentation, and content creation needs. Its benefits have established it as a valuable tool in modern digital workflows.

---

# InClass Exercise on Markdown Programming (20 min)

## Markdown Tutorial (10 min)

Finish the Markdown tutorial in [link]()

## **Text Overview**
Introduction. Statistics (from German: Statistik, orig. "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied. Populations can be diverse groups of people or objects such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Statistics deals with every aspect of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.

Statistical hypothesis test. A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data sufficiently supports a particular hypothesis. A statistical hypothesis test typically involves a calculation of a test statistic. Then a decision is made, either by comparing the test statistic to a critical value or equivalently by evaluating a p-value computed from the test statistic. Roughly 100 specialized statistical tests have been defined.

Statistical learning. Statistical learning theory is a framework for machine learning drawing from the fields of statistics and functional analysis. Statistical learning theory deals with the statistical inference problem of finding a predictive function based on data. Statistical learning theory has led to successful applications in fields such as computer vision, speech recognition, and bioinformatics.

Founders of statistics. Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn. Statisticians are skilled people who thus apply statistical methods. Hundreds of statisticians are notable. This article lists statisticians who have been especially instrumental in the development of theoretical and applied statistics.

---

**Exercise 1: Add Structure**
Break the given text into sections using appropriate Markdown headers.

**Exercise 2: Highlighting Text**
Choose some text to highlight using **bold** and *italic* text. For example, you could use **bold** to highlight the main concepts and *italics* to emphasize important terms.

**Exercise 3: Creating Lists**
In Section "Founders of statistics", itemize some famous statisticans from [link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_of_statistics), and provides more info.

**Exercise 4: Inserting Links**
Insert the corresponding wiki links for the statisticans in Exercise 3.

**Exercise 5: Inserting Images**
Find an appropriate image for each statisticans.

**Exercise 6: Blockquotes**
Add a new section as "Statistics Quotes", and pink some quotes from the [Statistics Quotes ](http://www.unipune.ac.in/dept/science/statistics/stat_webfiles/Statistics_Quotes.htm), and format them as Blockquotes.

**Exercise 7: Tables**
Create a markdown table of [Founders of departments of statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_of_statistics).

**Exercise 8: Horizontal Rules**
Use horizontal rules to separate different sections of the content. This can make the text appear more structured.

---

> Remember to use all the markdown features to make the document visually appealing and easy to read.

# Founders of statistics

## Fisher, Ronald

**Introduction[^fisher]**


[^fisher]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher FRS (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962) was a British polymath who was active as a mathematician, statistician, biologist, geneticist, and academic. For his work in statistics, he has been described as "a genius who almost single-handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science" and "the single most important figure in 20th century statistics". In genetics, Fisher was the one to most comprehensively combine the ideas of Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin, as his work used mathematics to combine Mendelian genetics and natural selection; this contributed to the revival of Darwinism in the early 20th-century revision of the theory of evolution known as the modern synthesis. For his contributions to biology, Richard Dawkins declared Fisher to be the greatest of Darwin's successors. He is also considered one of the founding fathers of Neo-Darwinism. According to statistician Jeffrey T. Leek, Fisher is the most influential scientist of all time based on the number of citations of his contributions.

### Contribution
Wrote the textbooks and articles that defined the academic discipline of statistics, inspiring the creation of statistics departments at universities throughout the world. Systematized previous results with informative terminology, substantially improving previous results with mathematical analysis (and claims). Developed the analysis of variance, clarified the method of maximum likelihood (without the uniform priors appearing in some previous versions), invented the concept of sufficient statistics, developed Edgeworth's use of exponential families and information, introducing observed Fisher information, and many theoretical concepts and practical methods, particularly for the design of experiments

- [Fisher's exact test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%27s_exact_test)
- Fisher's inequality
- Fisher's principle
- Fisher's geometric model
- Fisher's Iris data set
- Fisher's linear discriminant
- Fisher's equation
- Fisher information

## Exmaple in Colab

df.head(3)

| total_bill | tip | sex | smoker | day | time | size |
|-------------:|------:|:-------|:---------|:------|:-------|-------:|
| 16.99 | 1.01 | Female | No | Sun | Dinner | 2 |
| 10.34 | 1.66 | Male | No | Sun | Dinner | 3 |
| 21.01 | 3.5 | Male | No | Sun | Dinner | 3 |

| day | ('tip', 'min') | ('tip', 'max') | ('tip', 'mean') | ('tip', 'std') |
|:------|-----------------:|-----------------:|------------------:|-----------------:|
| Thur | 1.25 | 6.7 | 2.77145 | 1.24022 |
| Fri | 1 | 4.73 | 2.73474 | 1.01958 |
| Sat | 1 | 10 | 2.9931 | 1.63101 |
| Sun | 1.01 | 6.5 | 3.25513 | 1.23488 |