# Reading Responses (set1)

### Sep 13 Tue - Markdown
[Danah Boyd](https://points.datasociety.net/agnotology-and-epistemological-fragmentation-56aa3c509c6b) (2019) lays out the current information war in a talk at the Digital Public Library of America conference (DPLAfest). Her article introduced us two terms: epistemology, which describes how we know what we know, and agnotology, which describes the purposeful production of ignorance.
she gives us a view of how various group and individuals utilize data, and the media's repeated exploitation of this phenomenon. So she urges readers to understand these mechanisms and to not rely solely on credibility, "you have to understand the networked nature of the information war we’re in, actively be there when people are looking, and blanket the information ecosystem with the information people need to make informed decisions"([Boyd](https://points.datasociety.net/agnotology-and-epistemological-fragmentation-56aa3c509c6b), 2019).

### Sep 16 Fri - Attention
Chayko examined the wide-ranging effects of the internet and digital media in her articale, ranging from online friendship to global inequalities. Her investigation was focused on how communication and information technology affect social life. Chayko examined new trends in social media use, global inequalities and divides, online relating and dating, and the internet of things, while providing timely analysis of such critical issues as privacy and surveillance, online harassment and abuse, and dependency and addiction. In addition, the article focuses on topics such as technology and mental health, digital public policy and law, and the author's own research on bias and stereotyping in digital settings. Throughout, she also considered the impact on individuals, families, communities, organizations, and entire societies. Technology has connected us to one another as well as to networks and communities of people, which allows us to become superconnected.

### Sep 20 Tue - How the web works
The web is everywhere, we use it more than ever before. You are using it whether you are checking e-mails on a phone or browsing on a computer. How does all that work. According to [MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works)(2016), this process can be described as client and server, where clients are internet-connected devices and web-accessing software accessible on such devices, and servers are computers that store webpages, sites, or applications. When a client device requests a website, a copy of the webpage is downloaded from the server and displayed in the user's web browser.
Also, a variety of events occur when the client sends a request to the server. TCP/IP, DNS, and HTTP, for example, all play a role. However, when you request to access a website, it must transit via several different networks, any of which might possibly be exploited to eavesdrop or interfere with your connection. [Hartley](https://blog.hartleybrody.com/https-certificates/)(2013) then explaining how TLS, a hybrid cryptographic system that makes use of multiple crypto paradigms including public key cryptography and symmetric key cryptography, is used to secure HTTP connections.

### Sep 27 Tue - Learning
Make It Stick is a book taht full of tools, strategies, and stories to help students, teachers, and trainers in their pursuit of better learning.Several widespread misunderstandings exist about the learning process. For starters, cramming does not help with memory retention; that's why studying extensively often still results in poor test scores. Quantity of repetition is less crucial than its quality, type, and timing. recommends a variety of active approaches to learning. Second, being able to repeat something does not indicate that you fully comprehend it. We can use strategies such as self-quiz, spaced repetition, active retrieval  to avoid the illusion of learning. In conclusion, knowledge and creativity are inseparable; the former requires the latter, and the latter must be memorized. To master complex material, it helps to be able to extract the key ideas from new material, organize them into a mental model, and connect that model to prior knowledge."Learning is stronger when it matters, when the abstract is made concrete and personal" (Brown, et al., 2014)

### Oct 11 Tue - Haters
Facebook has begun publicly disclosing how frequently users are exposed to bullying and harassing content. The social media company is under pressure for the potential harm its service could do to its users and the world at large. Would bullying behavior be reduced over time if the messages they sent contained bullying behavior were rejected from the Internet? However, [Shannon](https://www.npr.org/2021/11/09/1053924352/facebook-instagram-bullying-harassment-numbers)(2021) points out that it may difficult for the company's automated systems to distinguish between trolls and haters. According to studies, just about 5% of hate speech is really removed by the company's automatic artificial intelligence systems. Though it is impossible to eradicate all harmful messages, the action is somehow worthwhile. "On Instagram, users saw hate speech twice for every 10,000 views of content during the quarter. That compares with 3 views per 10,000 on Facebook, which was down from 10 to 11 views a year ago" ([Shannon](https://www.npr.org/2021/11/09/1053924352/facebook-instagram-bullying-harassment-numbers),2021)