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    # A3: O-RAN Fronthaul Interface (FHI) ###### tags: `Wireless Communications` ## Split Option 7-2x ![](https://i.imgur.com/a6xyK9f.png) [上一篇](https://hackmd.io/@Ting-Wan/HJ99GFsmj#Open-Fronthual)已認識到什麼是O-RAN為了防止出現廠商壟斷的情況,就要做硬體上面的切片,讓不同的供應商製造元件。所以要考慮RAN如何解耦(RAN Disaggregation)。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/eHmEoaz.jpg) ### Open Fronthual 採用Split Option 7.2規格 主要考慮的兩個點: 1. 能耗 * 如果RU功能愈多,相對能耗就愈多。 * 使O-RU盡可能簡單、更小、更省電 2. 資料需求(option 1~8) * 考量位元速率、資料傳輸,open-fronthaul 切在數字愈大(ex:option 8),RU功能少研發更簡單。 * 但介面傳輸量會提高,對於延遲要求也會增加 * 最後就是把Open-Fronthual 切在H-PHY, L-PHY的中間,解耦DU, RU。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/nDnY7Yr.png) In general, the required fronthaul bandwidth becomes smaller as more functions become entrusted to the O-RU. Furthermore, when the O-RU handles all Layer 1 functions, the required fronthaul bandwidth is essentially comparable to the baseband bit rate. On the other hand, in that case, the amount of processing and memory required of dispersed O-RUs increases. Additionally, when making function modifications and extensions, it is often the case that not just the O-DU but the O-RU too must be upgraded. Moreover, when performing resource element mapping/demapping on the O-DU side, data will be transmitted after user multiplexing thereby simplifying control signals on the fronthaul and making it easier to achieve multivendor RAN. Split Option 7-2x was adopted taking these tradeoffs into consideration. ## Overview of Fronthaul Interfaces 在 C/U-Plane 中,O-RAN 前傳規範支持通過以太網直接傳輸 eCPRI 或以太網無線電 (RoE) 使用的信號的協議棧和通過用戶數據報協議 (UDP) 傳輸信號的可選協議棧 /IP。 與此同時,在 S-Plane 中,O-RAN 前傳規範支持協議棧,該協議棧通過以太網傳輸精確時間協議 (PTP) 和 SyncE 中使用的信號。 最後,在 M-Plane 中,O-RAN 前傳規範支持通過以太網/IP/傳輸控制協議 (TCP)/安全外殼 (SSH) 傳輸網絡配置協議 (NETCONF) 中使用的信號的協議棧 NETCONF 在 Internet 工程任務組 (IETF) 中被制定為 RFC6241,是用於管理網絡設備的通用協議。 O-RAN 前傳規範主要關注 NETCONF 的數據模型部分,該部分是運營的目標並被視為實現問題。 :::spoiler * UDP:傳輸層的協議,通過不進行傳遞確認、擁塞控制等,具有輕處理的特性。它用於傳輸過程中數據丟失不會成為主要問題的通信。 * PTP:用於在連接到網絡的設備之間實現高精度時間同步的協議。 * SyncE:在以太網上傳輸時鐘信號的系統。 * TCP:IP 之上的標準 Internet 上層協議。 它通過提供在連接和數據到達中確認對方、執行流量控制以及檢測數據重複或丟失的功能來補充IP,以實現高度可靠的通信。 * SSH:實現安全遠程登錄和提供網絡服務的協議。 * IETF:開發和推廣互聯網技術標準的標準化組織。 此處制定的技術規範以請求評論文檔 (RFC) 的形式發布。 ::: ### U-Plan #### U-Plane message frame format ![](https://i.imgur.com/KCFPXaw.png) The eCPRI payload of the U-Plane message can be used to transmit an IQ sample (iSample/qSample) sequence of the OFDM signal in the frequency domain applying IQ compression and IQ compression information (udCompHdr). This information is transmitted together with time/frequency resource information that should be applied to the transmission and reception of the IQ sample sequence on the radio interface. the frame format of the U-Plane message is used in common in both directions, that is, for transmission from the O-DU to O-RU and transmission from the O-RU to O-DU. ### C-Plane #### C-Plane message frame format ![](https://i.imgur.com/oHNYqEm.png) The eCPRI payload of the C-Plane message passed from the O-DU to O-RU consists of information specifying BF weights to be applied when transmitting and receiving IQ sample sequences included in the U-Plane message on the radio interface. It also consists of time resource information (the same as the U-Plane message) and frequency resource information (startPRBc, numPRBc) to which the above BF weights are to be applied. The O-RU uses this information to generate a beam for transmitting and receiving signals on the radio interface. ### Delay Management O-RAN拆分選項 7-2x在無線電接口的 PHY 層內引入了O-DU和O-RU之間的功能拆分。這種分裂導致O-DU 和 O-RU 之間交換的數據的傳輸和接收出現一些延遲,這種延遲被稱為Fronthaul Delay。前傳的數量取決於拓撲、 O-DU 和 O-RU 的連接方式以及底層傳輸(路由器和交換機)網絡。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/U7DruSf.png) 前傳延遲管理需要根據無線電接口(Uu)的發送/接收時序和HARQ 過程的重傳時序在前傳上傳輸C/U-Plane 消息。這種延遲管理能夠採用基於eCPRI框架的接收窗口和發送窗口的概念。 O-RU從前傳接收到OFDM信號在頻域的IQ樣本序列後,及時進行一定的IFFT、模擬轉換、BF等,以便在給定的特定時間資源(無線電幀)的無線電接口上傳輸信號、子幀、時隙、OFDM符號)。由於這個原因,O-RU的接收窗口位置在無線電接口上的傳輸定時之前被設置在與該O-RU處理延遲相對應的偏移處。 同時,O-DU 將C / U-Plane 消息傳輸到前傳,以便在 O-RU接收窗口內傳遞。因此,O-DU的發送窗口位置被設置在與O-RU處理延遲和前傳延遲相對應的偏移處到無線電接口的發送定時之前。這裡,前傳時延包括前傳距離和交換處理時延等可變因素。 * O-RU接收窗口的大小被校準為可以覆蓋前傳延遲和 O-DU發送窗口大小的這種波動的長度。 * O-DU發送窗口的大小是在考慮了O-DU將 C/U-Plane 消息發送到前傳所需的處理時間後計算的。 使用相同類型窗口的延遲管理也適用於從 O-RU 到 O-DU 方向的傳輸。此外,前傳規範為 C-Plane 和 U-Plane 定義了單獨的窗口。 ### M-Plan The M-Plane provides a variety of O-RU management functions to set parameters on the O-RU side as required by the C/U-Plane and S-Plane described above, to manage O-RU software (SW), perform fault management, etc. This eliminates dependence on each O-RU vendorʼs implementation and makes multivendor RAN possible. ![](https://i.imgur.com/N0Vp5sM.png) 支持以下兩種模型作為 MPlane 架構: 1. 分層模型:在此配置中,一個 O-RU 由一個或多個 O-DU 管理。這些O-DU終止了對下級O-RU的監控/控制,使得NMS無需處理所有O-RU的監控/控制,有助於降低NMS的處理負荷。 此外,在現有NMS還不支持NETCONF的情況下,由於O-DU在這個M-Plane中支持NETCONF,該模型的優勢在於可以在不影響現有系統的情況下進行網絡建設。 2. 混合模型:在這種配置中,除了 O-DU 之外,一個 O-RU 還由一個或多個 NMS 管理。 該模型的一個優點是除了 O-RU 之外,NMS 還可以監視/控制其他網絡設備,從而實現對所有設備的統一維護、監視和控制。 在任一架構模型中,都可以限制每個NETCONF客戶端管理O-RU的管理功能,從而實現靈活操作。 例如,操作可以分為NETCONF客戶端進行SW管理和NETCONF客戶端進行故障管理。 ## Fronthaul Network Topologies 考慮到 O-DU 和 O-RU 之間物理線路數量的限制,前傳可能需要採用點對點以外的網絡拓撲(圖a),例如使用 第 2 層交換機。 上述 C/U/S 平面和 M-Plane 支持如下示例所示的網絡拓撲(圖b)。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/fKEK4Ho.png) 圖中的情況(1)描述了一個拓撲,其中前傳線路的數量在每個間隔內可以不同。 該拓撲可用於增加前傳傳輸容量,而無需通過簡單地增加每個具有標準容量量的端口的數量來增加 O-DU 和 O-RU 的每個端口的容量。 此外,這種拓撲結構允許在 L2 交換機之間僅使用一條線路,這有助於降低線路成本。 圖中的情況 (2) 描繪了一種拓撲,它為 O-DU 和 O-RU 之間的前傳路徑提供冗餘。 如果顯示的路徑中的任何一條出現故障,此拓撲使服務能夠通過使用另一條路徑的設備繼續。 圖中的情況(3)描繪了一種拓撲,即使O-DU上的物理端口數量應該受到限制,也可以通過將交換機用作集線器來同時連接多個O-RU。 ## Conclusion This article introduced Split Option 7-2x adopted in O-RAN fronthaul specifications and described the C/U/S-Plane and M-Plane prescribed in the same specifications. Going forward, the O-RAN Alliance will continue to promote genuine multivendor RAN using O-RAN fronthaul specifications and to make useful extensions to those specifications.

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