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    # 2020年8月25日 近代物理(上) ###### tags: `高中物理` ## 第一階段:隨機抽問 1. (簡答題、繪圖題)請解釋什麼是陰極射線管?請畫出陰極射線管的示意圖。 2. (證明題)湯木生改良陰極射線管實驗,讓單一速率的電子入射平行電極板,參考下圖,請證明電子的荷質比可由公式 $$\dfrac{e}{m}=\dfrac{yv^2}{E\ell\left(\dfrac{\ell}{2}+D\right)}$$ 計算出。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/jIE8U9V.png) 3. (計算題)如下圖,靜止電子經由 $2000~\text{V}$ 的電位差加速後,垂直射入長 $L=10~\text{cm}$、強度 $3.5\times10^{-4}~\text{T}$ 的均勻磁場中。恰出磁場時,偏向位移 $y_1=1.17~\text{cm}$,求電子的荷質比? ![](https://i.imgur.com/GKJIt8n.png =300x) 4. (簡答題)請說明密立坎油滴實驗如何求出基本電荷量? ![](https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qGmy_-j0uMYSaasobptlVvh4qto=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/Simplified_scheme_of_Millikans_oil-drop_experiment.svg-637e1100c6bc49a08b6ca32d8e8feed8.png =400x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/IQNyVjZ.png =300x) 5. (簡答題、繪圖題)請解釋什麼是黑體輻射?黑體輻射的頻譜是連續的嗎?請簡單畫出黑體輻射的頻譜,橫軸是波長,縱軸是輻射率,請畫出三種不同溫度下的曲線。 6. (證明題)請用一簡單的晶體模型說明並證明布拉格定律(Bragg's law)$$2d\sin\theta=n\lambda$$ ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/BraggPlaneDiffraction.svg =500x) 7. (簡答題、計算題)請寫出普朗克-愛因斯坦關係式(Planck–Einstein relation),並計算波長為 $5500~Å$ 的光子的能量(以電子伏特和焦耳表示)。 8. (簡答題)以下是光電效應實驗的示意圖。請描述光電效應實驗中會觀察到的現象,並解釋底限頻率(cut-off frequency)、截止電壓(stopping voltage)、功函數(work function)的意義。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/38TJKQr.png =450x) 9. (簡答題、繪圖題)請寫出愛因斯坦光電方程式(Einstein photoelectric equation),並畫出截止電壓與入射光頻率的圖形。 10. (計算題)波長為 $600~\text{nm}$ 的黃光照射至一光電管,產生 $1.2\times10^{-7}~\text{A}$ 的光電流。引發此電流的光子數及光子總能量每秒各有多少? ### 答題狀況 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:| | +1 | +2 | +2 | +1 | +1 | +2 | +1 | +2 | +2 | +1 | ## 第二階段: ### 一、黑體輻射頻譜(補充) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Wiens_law.svg) - 橫軸:波長 $\lambda$ 或頻率 $\nu$ - 縱軸: 1. **光譜輻射率**(spectral radiance)$I_\lambda$ 或 $I_\nu$ - 定義:單位時間、單位表面積、單位立體角內、以++單位波長間隔++或++單位頻率間隔++輻射出的能量。 - SI制單位: 若採單位波長間隔,則為「瓦特每球面度每立方公尺」 ($\text{W}\cdot\text{sr}^{-1}\cdot\text{m}^{-3}$); 若採單位頻率間隔,則為「瓦特每球面度每平方公尺每赫茲」($\text{W}\cdot\text{sr}^{-1}\cdot\text{m}^{-2}\cdot\text{Hz}^{-1}$)。 2. **光譜能量密度**(spectral energy density)$u_\lambda$ 或 $u_\nu$ - 定義:在單位體積內、處於++單位波長間隔++或++單位頻率間隔++的能量。 - SI制單位:$\text{W}\cdot\text{sr}^{-1}\cdot\text{m}^{-3}\cdot \text{s}^2$ - 轉換:$$u_\nu(\nu,T)=\dfrac{4\pi}{c}I_\nu(\nu,T)$$ ### 二、描述黑體輻射頻譜的三個重要定律(補充) 1. **[斯特凡-波茲曼定律](https://reurl.cc/OqXG2g)** (Stefan-Boltzmann law) - 提出者:斯特凡(1879年)與波茲曼(1884年)各自提出 - 內容:一個黑體表面的輻射度 $j^*$ 與黑體本身的絕對溫度 $T$ 的四次方成正比,即:$$j^*=\epsilon\sigma T^4,$$ 其中 - $\epsilon$ 為輻射係數,對於絕對黑體 $\epsilon=1$; - 比例係數 $\sigma$ 稱為**斯特凡-波茲曼常數**,可以用其他的物理常數算得:$$\sigma=\frac{2\pi^5k^4}{15c^2h^3}=5.67\times 10^{-8}~\text{W}\cdot\text{m}^{-2}\cdot\text{K}^{-4};$$ - **輻射度**(radiosity)定義為單位時間內從單位表面積輻射出的能量,也就是光譜輻射率對所有頻率或波長積分,再對所有方向積分而得到的物理量。 2. **[維恩位移定律](https://reurl.cc/ygnLeq)**(Wien's displacement law) - 提出者:威廉·維恩(1893年) - 內容:黑體輻射的光譜輻射度 $I_\lambda$ 之峰值波長與黑體絕對溫度 $T$ 成反比,即 $$\lambda_\max=\frac{b}{T},$$ 其中 $b$ 稱為維恩位移常數,數值約為 $2.90\times10^{–3}~\text{m}\cdot\text{K}$。 - 詮釋:一個物體越熱,其輻射譜的波長越短,或者說其輻射譜的頻率越高。 3. **[普朗克定律](https://reurl.cc/d5VLjM)** (Planck's law) - 提出者:普朗克(1900年) - 內容:黑體電磁輻射的光譜輻射率 $I$ 是頻率 $\nu$ 和絕對溫度 $T$ 的函數:$$I_\nu(\nu,T)=\frac{2h\nu^3}{c^2}\frac{1}{e^{h\nu/k_BT}-1},$$ 或者用波長來描述,則變成光譜輻射率 $I$ 是波長 $\lambda$ 和絕對溫度 $T$ 的函數 $$I_\lambda(\lambda,T)=\frac{2hc^2}{\lambda^5}\frac{1}{e^{hc/\lambda k_BT}-1},$$ 其中 $h$ 是普朗克常數,$k_B$ 是波茲曼常數,$c$ 是光速,$e$ 是自然對數的底。 - 在低頻率極限, 普朗克定律趨於 **[瑞立-金斯定律]()**(Rayleigh–Jeans law),而在高頻率極限,普朗克定律趨於 **[維恩近似](https://reurl.cc/A8gj63)**(Wien Approximation,1896)。 ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/RWP-comparison.svg) ### 四、產生X射線的機制(補充) 1. [軔致輻射](https://reurl.cc/v15amL)(Bremsstrahlung,又稱制動輻射):用加速後的電子撞擊金屬靶,撞擊過程中,電子突然減速,其損失的動能會以光子形式放出,形成X射線光譜的連續部分 2. [特性輻射](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_X-ray)(characteristic radiation):提高電子攜帶的能量,則有可能將金屬原子的內層電子撞出而形成空穴,外層電子會躍遷回內層填補空穴,同時放出波長在0.1奈米左右的光子。由於外層電子躍遷放出的能量是量子化的,所以放出的光子的波長也集中在某些部分,形成了X射線譜中的特徵線。 3. [同步輻射](https://reurl.cc/KjxeEj)(synchrotron radiation):同步加速器(synchrotron)或自由電子雷射(FEL)產生接近光速電子,在電磁場中偏轉時,沿運動的切線方向發出高強度的X射線。同步輻射光源具有高強度、連續波長、光束準直、極小的光束截面積並具有時間脈波性與偏振性,因而成為科學研究最佳之X射線光源。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/rmCrN4X.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/e5VwwQC.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/OdQNFkQ.png) (來源:曾國禎(2009)。X光機原理與輻射防護(投影片)。國立中山大學輻射防護委員會。) ### 五、[戴維森-革末實驗](https://reurl.cc/zzb1va)(Davisson–Germer experiment)(補充) ### 六、[康普頓散射實驗](https://reurl.cc/m9vZRM)(Compton scattering experiment)(補充) ## 第三階段:解答課前提問 ### p.378 試題精選3 > 解題方法:(D)史特凡定律是什麼 請參考第二階段「二、描述黑體輻射頻譜的三個重要定律」。 ### p.381 試題精選9 > 解題觀念(3):"照度"他原本的定義是什麼 **照度**(illuminance)是每單位面積所接收到的光通量。SI制單位是勒克斯(lux,簡記為 $\text{lx}$)。 **光通量**(luminous flux),符號是 $\Phi$,SI制單位是流明(lumen,簡記為 $\text{lm}$) ### p.386 試題精選16 > 是否應該為(B)(D)才對? 對。 ### p.392 試題精選26 > 附註討論(3) 庫侖電位公式的在何種狀況下能夠引用?(即是, 為什麼他說帶電量只有1 e.c.時引用這條公式欠妥?) ## 科普文章選讀 1. [結構生物學 (Structural Biology) 專題](https://reurl.cc/2gbzYX) 2. [同步加速器光源簡介](https://www.nsrrc.org.tw/chinese/lightsource.aspx) 3. [台灣之光「台灣光子源」能幹嘛?](https://pansci.asia/archives/80114) 4. [X光成像基本原理](https://reurl.cc/r8arVk) 5. [正子斷層造影簡介](https://wwwv.tsgh.ndmctsgh.edu.tw/unit/10015/24211)

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