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--- title: Efficiently Inefficient Market date: 2020-10-03 tags: [Investing, Hedge Fund] categories: Reading mathjax: true --- # Efficiently Inefficient Market [![hackmd-github-sync-badge](https://hackmd.io/DEJL1LPVSd6-XRKV85iEeg/badge)](https://hackmd.io/DEJL1LPVSd6-XRKV85iEeg) # 感受 作者认为,市场足够的有效,但是不是完全有效,也正式基金经理的主动挖掘无效性,才进一步促进了市场的有效。只不过,主动投资是有花销的,比如人力、技能、电脑、场地等等,这些都会为主动管理资金设立门槛,导致超过容量有限。 作者在AQR从事量化投资相关研究,具有很好的学术和工业背景,所以他的见解更加贴合真是市场,但是又包含严谨的说明,没有任何玄学。比如,他就明确的说出:想要盈利就必须要预测,而且要做好的预测。 这一点我很认同,母我看到太多所谓的“交易”达人胡扯:不预测,只是跟随市场。<---- **扯淡**。 # 内容 - 价值 - 趋势 - 流动性 - Carry - 质量 # 1、主动投资活动 ## 评价策略表现 Alpha, t-statics, sharpe ratio, information ratio, alpha-to-margin ratio, sortino ratio ## 寻找、回测策略 每一个策略背后都应该有合理的盈利逻辑,因为你的每一笔交易都会存在对手方,如果你的策略真的有效,那么对手会亏损,问题在于他有什么理由一直亏损? 所以超额利润,alpha,一般来源有两个:流动性的补偿和信息的补偿。 ![Alpha的来源](https://i.imgur.com/FRHkc6g.png) **信息** 市场价格如果可以反映该产品的一切信息,那么这个过程不是自动完成的,也不是瞬间完成的,需要有人去交易这些信息,把这些信息反映到市场价格中去。反过来说,如果市场自动、瞬间反映了所有信息,那么不会有人去收集并交易任何信息,因为没有意义。可以,如果是这样的话,市场优又如何可以反映新出现的信息?所以,对冲基金等主动管理者就通过收集和交易信息成全了市场的有效性。 对冲基金往往也充当了信息的生产者,比如他们会对公司进行深入系统的研究,然后做出对应的交易,从而将这些信息反映到价格中。对冲基金也会高价购买信息,然后通过交易行为,将这些信息反映到价格中,并且从中盈利。同时,对冲基金也会交易一些非理性行为,比如 > there is a general tendency of initial underreaction and delayed overreaction that creates trends and momentum. 所以,当一个新的策略形成的时候,问问自己受益从何而来? - 这些信息被大部分人忽略了吗? - 通过整个多种不同的信息,得到了新的信息吗? - 我比其他人更快的获得了这个信息吗? - 这些信息还没有完全反映到市场价格吗? **风险** 获得超额回报的另一个途径就是承担风险。市场风险不计入。通常对冲基金会通过承担流动性风险获得市场收益意外的超额回报。 流动性风险会直接影响资产的价格。 *市场流动性风险*,是指需要花费巨额的费用才能退出某个资产。最常见的情况就是在崩盘的情况下,bid-ask差价非常大,甚至出现没有bid的情况,无人接盘。因此,流动性差的资产通常具有较高的回报率或者比较便宜,这就是市场流动性风险补偿。 *资本流动性风险*,是指被margin call的风险。换句话说,持有高Margin的资产应该得到相应的回报,因为承担了资本流动性风险。 *需求压力*,Demand pressure,并购套利就是一个典型的需求压力策略。当一些机构进行风险对冲的时候,也会出现需求压力。在比如需要roll future contract的时候,债券降级的时候,都会产生一些需求压力,通常都是卖出压力。 **回测** 回测的基本组成部分: - 交易池,定义可以交易的资产 - 信号,信息输入 - 交易规则,包括调仓规则,交易规则等等 - 时间延迟,Point-in-time 信息 - 交易费用 ## 回归分析的等效性 投资组合资产的选择和比较几乎等效于线性回归系数的分析: > 任何预测性质的回归分析都可以等效成资产组合选择,任何资产组合选择都可以等效成为预测回归分析。 - 时间序列回归分析,与择时策略相关 - Corss-sectional回归分析与则产选择策略相关 - 单因子回归分析与根据一个信号排序资产相关;而多因子回归则与多因子排序相关 ### 时间序列回归 $$R_{t+1}^e = a + bF_t + e_{t+1}$$ **而 $b$ 的最小二乘估计值就可以被看成一个long-short择时策略的累计回报率**: $$\hat{b}=\frac{\sum_t(F_t - \bar{F})R_{t+1}}{\sum_t(F_t-\bar{F})^2} = \sum_{t=1}^{T}x_tR_{t+1}$$ 其中,$x_t = k(F_t - \bar{F})$,而$k = 1/\sum(F_t-\bar{F})^2$ 不影响策略的夏普值。 $x_t$就是实际的交易仓位,当信号$F_t$超过其均值时,x为正,即买入。反之,则卖出。 ### *Corss-sectional回归与选股* $$R_{t+1}^i= a + bF_t^i + e_{t+1}^i$$ 其中,i代表一个资产,F同样代表信号。针对投资组合中的所有资产进行上述回归分析,得到回归系数矩阵: $$\hat{b}_t=\frac{\sum_i(F_t^i - \bar{F_t})R^i_{t+1}}{\sum_i(F_t^i - \bar{F_t})^2} = \sum_{i}x_t^iR_{t+1}^i$$ **这个回归系数 $\hat{b}$ 就代表了一个long-short策略在t和t-1获得的收益**。而资产的权重就是: $$x_t^i=k_t(F_t^i-\bar{F_t})$$ 这个回归系数$\hat{b_t}$的平均值,其实就是Fama–MacBeth模型中的系数$\hat{b}$。 $$\hat{b} = 1/T\sum_{t=1}^T\hat{b}_t$$ 进而,我们可以求出策略的波动率: $$\hat{\sigma} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{T-1}\sum_{t=1}^T(\hat{b_t}-\hat{b})^2}$$ 这里如果看一下t-static会发现,其实t-statistics就是高夏普比例的表现。 $$tstatistics = \sqrt{T}\frac{\hat{b}}{\hat{\sigma}}$$ ### 多因子回归 $$R_{t+1}^i= a + b^FF_t^i + b^GG_t^i + e_{t+1}^i$$ 在这种情况下,$b^F$ 代表了同时交易信号F和信号G的时候,信号F的收益。 > 值得注意的是,时间序列线性回归更加可以,因为用到了信号均值进行计算。而信号均值从回测的角度,属于未来信息。 ## 构建投资组合以及风险管理 当我们识别出若干可用的信号以后,就需要组合这些信号形成投资组合进行交易。具体方法多种多样,但是总体原则是: - 多样性 - 头寸限制 - 对信心更强的信号,下注更多 - 根据风险指标调整投资组合 - 关注相关性 ## 交易的花费 - 交易花费 - funding cost * 总杠杆 * 净杠杆 - Margin # 2. 股票类策略 主要分为三类:discretionary equity, dedicated short bias, and quantitative equities. > Intrinsic value: It is the discounted value of the cash that can be taken out of a business during its remaining life. 交易股票的基础在于股票估值,即固有价值。估值的核心在于未来现金流的现今折扣价值: $$V_t = E_t(\frac{D_{t+1}+V_{t+1}}{1+k_t})$$ 其中,k 即使股票的回报率,D 是股票的分红。 不过,分红并不容易预测,特别对于有些成长型的公司,股票并没有分红,所以需要Earning和Book value进行替代计算。 当然,除了上述绝对估值,也可以对股票进行相对估值。 ## Discretionary equity - Value - Growth - Quality ## Dedicated short bias ## Quant equity - Fundamental quant * value * quality * bet against beta - Statistic Arb - HFT # 3、资产配置和宏观策略 宏观策略的逻辑是自顶向下的,而股票策略则通常是自底向上的。宏观策略的主要受益来源是各种Risk Premiums,比如股票风险回报、时间结构回报(国债)、信誉风险回报(公司债)、流动性风险回报(房地产等)、其他(比如价值引子、趋势、carry等等)。 **市场择时** 市场择时策略可以通过回归和回测进行分析。 **回报率的来源** ## 全球资产配置 > The whole world is simply nothing more than a flow chart for capital. - Carry - Central banks ## CTA 趋势策略,不同时间周期、不同产品的多样性效应。 # 4、套利策略

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