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    # 拋體運動 鄭兆村於2017年代表中華隊出賽台北世大運男子標槍項目,於決賽中擲出91公尺36的成績勇奪金牌,想起助教當時看著電視直播時也是熱血沸騰。由於台北世大運的優異表現,令鄭兆村獲得「亞洲標槍王」的美名。 想必同學都知道,擲標槍所套用到的原理便是平拋運動,然而看似複雜的平拋運動並不難理解。由於運動的獨立性,我們可以分開成水平運動與鉛直運動來討論。 首先我們從水平運動來著手,由於水平方向物體沒有加速度,故水平速度永遠保持初水平速度。我們可以寫成: ![](https://i.imgur.com/wrh6R1w.png) (其中x為末水平位置,x0為初水平位置,v0為初速度,θ0為初角度,t為所經時間) 接著是鉛直運動,因其加速度恆等於重力加速度,故可視為自由落體運動。我們可以寫成: ![](https://i.imgur.com/bCOixy8.png) (其中y為末鉛直位置,y0為初鉛直位置,v0為初速度,θ0為初角度,t為所經時間,g為重力加速度) 有了以上的充要條件,我們便可以開始進行模擬平拋運動(不考慮空氣阻力,初始高度為100m,初速為20m/s): ```python import matplotlib.pyplot as plt g = 9.8 vx = 20 vy = 0 x = 0 y = 100 t = 0 dt = 0.001 xx = [] yy = [] tt = [] ``` 設定好初始參數後,進入模擬部分: ```python while y >= 0: vy -= g*dt x += vx*dt y += vy*dt xx.append(x) yy.append(y) t += dt ``` 接著將最終結果顯示出來: ```python print('水平距離為:',end='') print(x,end='') print('(m)') plt.xlabel('x (m)') plt.ylabel('y (m)') plt.grid() plt.plot(xx, yy) plt.show() ``` 我們便能得到此平拋運動之軌跡圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/d8yASvz.png) 同時將水平末位置(意即水平射程)給打印出來: `水平距離為:90.35999999999916(m)` ## 延伸學習:非理想拋體運動 現在我們學會了拋體運動模擬的基礎概念,然而例題中我們是將空氣阻力忽略不計,進而得到理想化的狀況。 想必各位同學也曉得,真實世界中是無法將空氣阻力省略的,因此接下來我們將要學習如何將空氣阻力考慮進拋體運動。 若考慮空氣阻力,則我們同樣以水平及鉛直方向來討論,以水平方向而言: ![](https://i.imgur.com/n61mirK.png) (其中Fx為水平方向合力,vx為水平速度) 以鉛直方向而言: ![](https://i.imgur.com/Zogdx6s.png) (其中Fy為鉛直方向合力,vy為鉛直速度) 將以上兩式取其微分方程可得: ![](https://i.imgur.com/7AUJJxZ.png) 得到以上的關係式後我們便能進行模擬,首先同樣將參數先設定好: ```python import matplotlib.pyplot as plt p = 1.29 #空氣密度 A = 0.01 #物體截面積 m = 1 #物體質量 C = 0.47 #阻力係數 g = 9.8 #重力加速度 vx = 20 #水平初速 vy = 0 #鉛直初速 x = 0 #水平初位置 y = 100 #鉛直初位置 t = 0 dt = 0.0001 xx = [] yy = [] tt = [] ``` 接著進行模擬: ```python while y >= 0: ax = C*p*A*vx**2/(2*m) ay = g - C*p*A*vy**2/(2*m) vx -= ax*dt vy -= ay*dt x += vx*dt y += vy*dt xx.append(x) yy.append(y) t += dt ``` 最後設定顯示: ```python print('水平距離為:', end='') print(x, end='') print('(m)') plt.grid() plt.xlabel('x (m)') plt.ylabel('y (m)') plt.plot(xx, yy) plt.show() ``` 得到軌跡圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/oGLF57N.png) 並將水平距離打印出來: `水平距離為:83.46764993694984(m)` 我們可以發現考慮空氣阻力後,水平距離更短了,而這也符合我們的理論與期望! ## 課後練習 現設有一質量1kg的小球由50公尺高進行斜向拋射,初速為25m/s,試求小球落地前之運動軌跡圖(x-y圖)。(空氣密度為1.29kg/m3,重力加速度為9.8m/s,拋射仰角為45度,阻力係數為0.47,小球截面積為0.01m2)

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