陳慶全
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    # 變數 一個變數,在 Julia 中,是一個名稱被關聯 (或是綁定) 到一個值。當你想要將值 (你可能是從一些數學運算得到的) 儲存起來以便以後使用,這會很有用。舉例來說: ``` # 指定 10 的值給變數 x julia> x = 10 10 # 對 x 的值做一些數學運算 julia> x + 1 11 # 重新指定 x 的值 julia> x = 1 + 1 2 # 你可以指定其他型別的值,像是一個字串 julia> x = "Hello World!" "Hello World!" ``` Julia 提供了極有彈性的變數命名系統。 變數名稱是有區分大小寫的 (case-sensitive),而且沒有語意上的意義(no semantic meaning)。也就是說,語言不會因為命名不同,而讓變數有所差別。 ``` julia> x = 1.0 1.0 julia> y = -3 -3 julia> Z = "My string" "My string" julia> customary_phrase = "Hello world!" "Hello world!" julia> UniversalDeclarationOfHumanRightsStart = "人人生而自由,在尊严和权利上一律平等。" "人人生而自由,在尊严和权利上一律平等。" ``` 允許以 Unicode 命名(使用 UTF-8): ``` julia> δ = 0.00001 1.0e-5 julia> 안녕하세요 = "Hello" "Hello" ``` 在 Julia REPL 與一些其他的編輯環境中,你可以鍵入很多 Unicode 的數學符號,藉由鍵入反斜線的 LaTeX 符號,最後加上 **tab**。舉例來說,變數名稱`δ`可以藉由鍵入`\delta`-**tab**,或是甚至`α̂₂`可以鍵入`\alpha`-**tab**-`\hat`-**tab**-`\_2`-**tab**。 如果有需要的話,Julia 也允許你重新定義內建的常數跟函式: ``` julia> pi π = 3.1415926535897... julia> pi = 3 WARNING: imported binding for pi overwritten in module Main 3 julia> pi 3 julia> sqrt(100) 10.0 julia> sqrt = 4 WARNING: imported binding for sqrt overwritten in module Main 4 ``` 然而,這顯然是不建議這麼做,以避免潛在的衝突。 ## 合法變數名稱 變數名稱必須以英文字母開頭 (A-Z 或 a-z)、底線 (`_`) 或是碼位大於 `00A0` 的 Unicode 子字符集組成。具體來說,Unicode 字符類別 Lu/Ll/Lt/Lm/Lo/Nl (英文字母)、Sc/So (貨幣與其他符號) 和一些其他類字母字符 (例如一部分 Sm 類別中的數學字符) 都是可以使用的。後續字符則可額外使用 `!` 與數字 (0-9 或 Nd/No 字符類別中的符號),再加上其他 Unicode 碼位:變音字符 (diacritics) 與其他修飾字符 (modifying marks,字符類別 Mn/Mc/Me/Sk)、部分標點連結字符 (puctuation connectors,字符類別 Pc)、primes 字符與少部份其他字符。 諸如`+`等運算符也可以當作合法的名稱,只是解析方式與一般變數不同。在某些情境下,運算符可以被當作一般變數使用;舉例來說,`(+)`代表著加法函數,也可以使用 `(+) = f` 覆寫它。大部分 Unicode 中綴 (infix) 運算符 (字符類別 Sm),例如 ⊕,也會被解析為中綴運算符且可用於使用者自定義的方法 (例如你可以使用`const ⊕ = kron`將 ⊕ 定義成中綴 Kronecker 積運算符)。 唯一被明確地禁止使用的名稱為內建陳述句: ``` julia> else = false ERROR: syntax: unexpected "else" ... julia> try = "No" ERROR: syntax: unexpected "=" ... ``` 部分 Unicode 字符被用來當作變數識別符使用時,將會被視為等價符號。以不同方式輸入的 Unicode 組合字符 (例如:重音`'`) 會是等價的 (具體來說,Julia 的識別符會被 NFC-正規化,NFC-Normalized)。Uncode 字元 ɛ (U+025B:拉丁文中的小寫 e) 與 µ (U+00B5:micro sign) 與其相對應的希臘字母將會被視為等價,因為在某些輸入法下,前者可以很容易地輸入。 ## 慣用風格 雖然 Julia 並未強加限制在可使用名稱上,但遵循下列慣例對開發上會很有幫助: - 變數名稱使用小寫符號。 - 可用底線 (`_`) 分隔名稱,但如非必要並不鼓勵使用。 - 類別與模組名稱使用大寫開頭,並使用駝峰式命名 (camel case) 取代底線。 - 函數與巨集 (macro) 以小寫符號命名,不使用底線。 - 以`!`結尾的名稱為會複寫其變數的函數命名。因為這類函數再回傳後將會改變其變數的值,而不是單純回傳一個值,所以這類函數又常被稱作 "mutating" 或 "in-place" 函數。 如需要更多慣用風格的資訊,請參閱[程式風格指引](/GwTgZgzMAcCMCGBaArPAxgE0QFlgUwkWggAYAmReCDbbPWE6aEEIA===)一節。 [文件原文](https://docs.julialang.org/en/stable/manual/variables/)

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