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--- tags:sysprog2018 --- # list contributed by <`plusline`> --- #### 為何 Linux 採用 macro 來實作 linked list?一般的 function call 有何成本?[Macro vs Function in C](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9104568/macro-vs-function-in-c) macro 的執行速度比較快, 使用 function 需要呼叫,而 macro 直接替代文字,所以多了需要呼叫的時間還有空間成本。 但也不應該濫用 macro ,macro 也有許多缺點,macro 沒有拼字檢查,而且在文句替換的過程中,容易產生語意上的錯誤。 ``` #define square(a) a*a square(1+2) ``` 我們會期望輸出3*3但實際展開會是1+2*1+2 ``` #define add(a,b,c) a++; b++; c++; while(count--) add(k,l,m) ``` 我們期待 k, l, m 可以加上 count 的次數,但實際上 l++; m++; 只會被執行一次 ----- #### Linux 應用 linked list 在哪些場合?舉三個案例並附上對應程式碼,需要解說,以及揣摩對應的考量 - in `list_lru.h` for spinlook implementation - in `amdgpu_bo_list.c` for avoidance multiple allocations for the head and the array - `client-buffers.c` ----- #### GNU extension 的 typeof 有何作用?在程式碼中扮演什麼角色?[typeof operator in C](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12081502/typeof-operator-in-c) typeof 可以知道變數的型態,並且可當關鍵字,用來宣告變數。 ``` int a; typeof(a) b ``` ----- #### 解釋以下巨集的原理[ Linux的container_of 與 offsetof巨集](https://myao0730.blogspot.com/2016/09/linuxcontainerof-offsetof.html) ```Clike #define container_of(ptr, type, member) \ __extension__({ \ const __typeof__(((type *) 0)->member) *__pmember = (ptr); \ (type *) ((char *) __pmember - offsetof(type, member)); \ }) ``` * __typeof__ 是 macro ,應該是轉換成 `typeof` 可以把 `((type *) 0)->member` 的型態當作一個型態宣告的關鍵字。 * `((type *) 0)`以輸入的型態創建在位置 0 的地方 * `*__pmember` 是變數名稱,而且加了指標,用來貯存 typeof(type->member) 型態的的位置。以命名方式猜測,應也是 macro 。 * offsetof 定義在 [stddef.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/stddef.h),用來算結構跟成員的位移量。 * `(char *) __pmember - offsetof(type, member)` 以__pmember 減掉偏移量就能得到起點 ----- #### 除了你熟悉的 add 和 delete 操作,list.h 還定義一系列操作,為什麼呢?這些有什麼益處? 盡量避免刪除新增和遍歷節點,並且保持函式的封閉性。 ----- #### LIST_POISONING 這樣的設計有何意義? 故意讓不應該讀取的位置設成一個不能被讀取的位置,進而在程式執行時讀取到該值能夠直接引起程式崩潰,避免日後讀取到該值後造成不明的後果。 :::info 為什麼 list.h 中的 LIST_POISONING 要指向0x0010010或是0x00200200 這兩個地址有什麼意義嗎? ::: ----- #### Linked list 採用環狀是基於哪些考量?[Why does the Linux kernel use circular doubly linked lists to store the lists of processes?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46089965/why-does-the-linux-kernel-use-circular-doubly-linked-lists-to-store-the-lists-of) circular linked list 可以在知道搜尋的值靠前或是靠後時,利用 macor 改變搜尋的方向,進而加快搜尋速度。 ----- #### list_for_each_safe 和 list_for_each 的差異在哪?“safe” 在執行時期的影響為何?[Why do we need list_for_each_safe() in for deleting nodes in kernel linked list?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9207850/why-do-we-need-list-for-each-safe-in-for-deleting-nodes-in-kernel-linked-list) pos 在 foreach 的過程中會指向其他的值,而做後如果會呼叫 dele 或是 free 都會造成 pos 不存在,因此先用一個變數將 pos 的值先存起來,最後在還原。 ----- #### for_each 風格的開發方式對程式開發者的影響為何?

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