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    ###### tags: `大氣` # 雲的形成與雲滴增長 ## 雲形成的條件 形成雲需有以下三個基本條件: 1. 有充足的水氣 2. 有足夠多的凝結核 3. 有使空氣中水氣降溫凝結的因素 其中,要使空氣中的水氣降溫凝結,通常是將空氣抬升。而讓空氣抬升的形式又大致可分為: 1. **動力抬升**:受鋒面、輻合氣流作用而抬升,或遇地形阻隔迫使空氣塊抬升。 2. **熱力對流**:當地面受熱不均,或大氣環境處於絕對不穩定時,空氣自然上下運動產生對流。 3. **動力與熱力結合型**:當一不穩定氣流整層被抬升至凝結高度(LCL,通常為動力抬升),釋放潛熱,溫度降低開始成雲。若繼續抬升至自由對流高度(LFC)時,且氣塊溫度大於環境溫度,則氣塊繼續抬升且會放出大量能量造成極為強烈的上升運動。 ## 分類 一般分類雲,可依雲底高度分為「高、中、低、直展」四大雲族,再依其形狀(形成方式)分成十大雲屬。如下圖所示: ![](https://i.imgur.com/kXBg4MK.jpg) reference:[雲的分類](https://ctasataiwan.com/%E3%80%90%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1-%E9%9B%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E3%80%91/) :::success ***延伸資料:[各種雲的照片](https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/zh-hans/descriptions-of-clouds.html)*** ::: ## 雲形成過程與降水 ### 積狀雲 #### 1.形成 為空氣垂直強對流發展產生。具有孤立分散、頂部突起、底部平坦特點。 1. **孤立分散**:因部分空氣塊上升,周圍空氣會下沉補償,造成下沉增溫現象不易成雲。 2. **頂部突起**:上升過程中,積雲邊緣的水滴與周圍未飽和空氣混和,不斷蒸發(吸熱),因此使雲的邊緣降溫,中心溫度較邊緣高,因此中心部分上升較多,雲頂較高。 3. **底部平坦**:由於積狀雲的水平延伸範圍小,大氣中的凝結高度大致相等,故雲底平坦。 此外,積雲常形成在冷鋒下(鋒面坡度大,暖空氣偏向垂直劇烈抬升)、山坡上(因地形抬升導致)。若有持續穩定的風,則可能使積雲成規則狀排列。如雲街。 * **雲街**:當冷空氣碰到暖水面,冷空氣下緣增溫,下暖上冷而形成垂直對流,產生積雲(但因氣團內部十分乾燥,故對流不會太強)。又因積雲們處在氣團內,風向大約一致,使積雲與風向成平行排列。如下圖。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/OVvz6aw.png) reference:[中央氣象局](https://edu.cwb.gov.tw/PopularScience/index.php/kids/weather/343-%E5%AF%92%E5%86%AC%E7%9A%84%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%8F%E8%B7%AF-%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E9%9B%B2%E8%A1%97) #### 2.分類 由於每個受到抬升作用的空氣塊所能達到的最大高度不同(主要取決於地面溫度)。因此可分為淡積雲、濃積雲、積雨雲三種。 1. **淡積雲**(對流最大高度<0度等溫線):因上升氣流速度不大,湍流較弱,不會形成降水。若有強風,則可能被吹散,形成碎積雲。表示大氣狀況較穩定,雖有對流但無法繼續發展。 2. **濃積雲**(0度等溫線<對流最大高度<凍結高度):對流強度較大,氣塊能上升更多,則會形成濃積雲,其頂部為過冷水滴。湍流較強,因此可能形成降水(重力衝併)。此情況表示大氣不穩定。 3. **積雨雲**(對流最大高度>凍結高度):對流強度強到上升至凍結高度(-15度)以上,頂部因多為冰晶而成絲狀(似卷雲),若再加上高空風的吹拂則會形成砧狀雲。湍流極強,非常容易造成降水且強度很強。 * 大氣中常因缺乏凝結核,而使水在降溫至0度以下時不會凝固,形成過冷水滴。當有凝結核產生或溫度< -15度時則會開始凝固形成冰晶。 #### 3.變化 * 若直至下午仍為淡積雲,表示大氣穩定,是為晴天的徵兆,故淡積雲又叫做晴天積雲。 * 若一早便產生濃積雲,表大氣不穩定,隨時有可能形成積雨雲造成降水。 #### 4.降水 1. **淡積雲**:雲薄、含水量少、水滴小(重力衝併作用不強),一般不會降水。 2. **濃積雲**:在中高緯度地區,因熱力作用不強,雖有凝華增長過程存在,但不足以形成降水。在低緯度地區,因對流、湍流強度皆較強,重力衝併作用顯著,水滴較大,較容易形成降水。 3. **積雨雲**:屬混合雲,對流強、高度高、含水量大,凝華增長及重力衝併作用強烈,因此容易形成強降水,甚至冰雹。 * 積雨雲的降水具有「陣性」,因水平範圍小,因此降雨過程中經過一個地方的時間短,對當地來說降雨時間不長。另外則是上升氣流多變。當上升氣流強,水滴降落受到的阻力較大,較不易降水;反之,上升氣流弱或有下降氣流,則降水強度會較強。 * **冰雹**: ### 層狀雲 #### 1.形成 為整層空氣緩慢抬升形成,抬升持續時間長,因此雲頂高度可以很高。具有雲頂平坦,且雲厚差異差異大的特徵。 1. **雲頂平坦**: #### 2.分類 #### 3.變化 #### 4.降水 ### 波狀雲 ### 莢狀雲 ## 雲滴增長機制 雲滴為半徑 < $100 \mu m$ 的水滴,> $100 \mu m$ 則稱為水滴。一般而言,雲滴的標準半徑為$10 \mu m$ ,雨滴為$1000 \mu m$ ,故雨滴體積為雲滴的$10^6$倍。因此,雲滴要成長至足夠克服空氣阻力並掉落至地面不蒸發,才會形成降水。 :::success ***延伸資料:[蒸發與凝結](/rZs9-fKOR6KE9G4mkN-MFw)*** ::: ### 暖雲過程(重力衝併) #### 1.何謂暖雲 由水滴組成的雲。雲頂溫度在$0^。$以上。 #### 2.過程 由於水滴常處於運動狀態,又水滴在落下過程中,其重力傾向與空氣阻力達成平衡,以終端速度下落。故質量越大者,速度越快。因此,大水滴容易合併小水滴,使本身質量增加,下落速度越快,形成降水。 但由觀測發現,雲滴增長初期(準備轉成降水過程),仍以凝結為主。待雲滴質量逐漸增大型成水滴時,才轉以重力衝併作用為主。 除水滴因本身重力下落之外,上升氣流、湍流混和、流體吸力等等也會造成重力衝併的作用。 ### 冷雲過程(伯吉龍效應) #### 1.何謂冷雲 由冰晶組成的雲。雲頂溫度在$0^。$以下。 若冰晶與水滴(可能是過冷水滴)共存,則稱為混合相雲。 #### 2.過程 當雲內同時存在水滴及冰晶時,因冰面飽和水氣壓小於水面飽和水氣壓。 故當空氣塊的實際水氣壓介於兩者的飽和水氣壓之間時,對水滴而言,處於未飽和狀態,水滴傾向蒸發;對冰晶而言,處於過飽和狀態,會趨向凝結(華)。故冰晶便會越來越大,水滴越來越少,當冰晶大到不足以抵抗重力時便會下落形成降水(可能在途中融化成水滴) 但隨著水滴蒸發,冰晶凝固的越來越多,空氣塊內的水氣壓便會下降。此種增長過程較為緩和,較不易形成質量太大的水滴。故要形成降水,常會伴隨衝併增長過程。 ## 人造雨 為依據自然界降水形成原理,以人工方式達成、補充降水要件,促使降水發生。 ### 暖雲人工降水 暖雲主要降水過程為「重力衝併」作用,使水滴成長。因此,如何使水滴增大即為暖雲人工降水的主要目的。 * 過程:透過在雲中撒入鹽粉(含氯化鎂、氯化鈣等雜質,吸水性高),故可使雲滴吸附速度加快,更容易形成大水滴以進行重力衝併作用,造成降水。 ### 冷雲人工降水 冷雲降水過程最主要需產生冰晶,使冰水共存,並進一步使冰晶增大而掉落。因純水不易凍結,而造成冷雲中冰晶不足,故產生冰晶為冷雲人工降水的主要目的。 * 過程:散播乾冰(絕佳制冷劑,使其昇華並從環境吸取熱量,使環境降溫讓水滴凍結)或碘化銀粉末(晶體結構和冰相似,晶格常數接近,是很好的人工冰晶核,能促使過冷水凍結)至空中。使產生冰晶並造成降水。

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