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# [Day03] 基本型別 ###### tags: `鐵人賽` ##### 上一篇提到 JavaScript 是弱型別語言。 強型別語言在變數被宣告的時候必須指定資料型別給它,如果對變數做了錯誤型別的運算則會出現錯誤,優點是能減少在執行時期(Runtime)發生的錯誤。 而弱型別的 JavaScript 剛好相反,變數本身不帶有資料型別的資訊,其中的**值**或**物件**才有。在執行時期透過變數內容來參考至**物件**或**值**,才會知道變數有什麼操作方式。取得語法簡潔的優點,但要注意**型態轉換**時產生**非預期**的問題。 JavaScript 主要有分成基本型別(Primitives)及物件型別(Object)兩大類型別。可以用 typeof 運算子來做判斷型別的方式。 ## 基本型別Primitives: 1. **string**(字串) JS 只有字串沒有字元的概念,所以要把字串包起來,可以用雙引號 "" 或單引號 '',或者 ES6 新增樣板字面值(template literal)用反引號 \`\` 包覆,看個人喜好使用。 ```javascript= var str1 = "Let's go!";// 雙引號 var str2 = 'Let\'s go!';// 單引號遇到錯誤時在前面加\(escape character 跳脫字元) var str3 = `Let's go!`;// 反引號 var str4 = "Hello, " + "world.";//用+連接字串 console.log(str4) Hello, world. ``` 用`+`在字串加上變數: ```javascript= var age = 25; var str5 = "I'm " + age + " years old."; console.log(str5) I'm 25 years old. var str6 = `I'm ${age} years old.`;// 用樣板字面值加上變數的用法 console.log(str6) I'm 25 years old. ``` 過去斷行與樣板字面值的差異 ```javascript= var hello1 = "這不是一行文\n這是第二行\n這是第三行"; console.log('10', hello1) 10 這不是一行文 這是第二行 這是第三行 var hello2 = `這不是一行文 這是第二行 這是第三行`;// es6後用反引號可以直接斷行 console.log('11', hello2); 11 這不是一行文 這是第二行 這是第三行 ``` 2. **number**(數字) 包含整數和帶有小數點的浮點數字,還有幾個比較特殊的數字 Infinity(無限大)、-Infinity (負無限大)及 **NaN** (不是數值,**Not a Number**) 。例:0/0 是 NaN,Infinity/Infinity 也是 NaN 一樣的概念,但有趣的是 typeof NaN,會回報 number。 既然NaN不好判斷那怎麼辦,可以用 isNaN(value) 來判斷 ```javascript= isNaN(NaN); // true isNaN(123); // false isNaN("123"); // false, 字串被轉成數字 isNaN("NaN"); // true, 轉成數字但不是數字 ``` 但是用 isNaN(value)這個方法會透過隱含的 Number()轉成數字,所以後來會建議用 Number.isNaN(value)來取代,可以參考 **[MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-TW/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number/isNaN#Examples)** 上的差異。 「帶有小數點的浮點數字」,是什麼意思呢? 試著輸入 0.1+0.2=... 的結果我驚呆了 ```javascript= 0.1+0.2=0.30000000000000004 0.1+0.2===0.3; // false ``` 因為 JS 的 number 是基於 「IEEE 754」二進位浮點算數標準,十進位的小數無法完美的轉換成二進位表示,只能用無限循環的位數來趨近於十位數的小數(IEEE 745 規定 24 位數上限),所以會省略一些位數,導致還原時小數不夠精準。~~二進位的世界啊!門外漢的全新體驗!~~ 3. **boolean**(布林值) 只有兩種,分別是 ture 以及 false。 通常用在判斷式,作為控制程式流程的用途。 4. **null** (沒有值) 明確代表此變數沒有值。 5. **undefined** 尚未給值, 未定義。 ```javascript= var a = null; // null var b; // undefined // 008 天的舉例很清楚的解釋兩者的區別 ``` 6. **symbol**(es6新增) 型別先到這邊, ## 下一篇 物件型別

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