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    --- tags: 電路學 --- # 電路學 直流電路 第二章 基本定理 ![](https://i.imgur.com/iTp6ncY.jpg) ## 一、歐姆定理(Ohm’s Law) ### (一)電阻 #### 1、 具有均勻橫截面積 A 的任何材料的電阻取決於 A 及其長度 ℓ ![](https://i.imgur.com/Ybx3Q4V.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/G3YvKAn.png) #### 2、歐姆定律指出,電阻兩端的電壓 v 與流過電阻的電流 i 成正比。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/jKboYVq.png) #### 3、元件的電阻 R 表示其抵抗電流流動的能力; 它的單位是歐姆 (Ω)。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Ac2GU4o.png) ##### (1)短路的電路電阻趨近於0 ##### (2)斷路的電路電阻趨近於∞ #### 4、電阻消耗功率 ![](https://i.imgur.com/c4mzJaq.png) ### (二)電導 #### 1、電導是衡元件導電性能的指標電流,單位是歐姆(℧) or 西門子 (S) ![](https://i.imgur.com/l2U7GZ9.png) #### 2、非線性電阻不遵守歐姆定理,則電路分析中一個有用的量是電阻 R 的倒數,稱為電導,用 G 表示: ![](https://i.imgur.com/jmNAB80.png) ## 二、電路節點、分支及迴路 ### (一)定義 #### (1)節點:兩個或多個分支之間的連接點。 #### (2)分支:單個元件。(ex:電壓源 or 電阻器...) #### (3)迴路:電路中的閉合路徑。 #### (4)圖示範例(3節點、5分支): ![](https://i.imgur.com/19f15hx.png) #### (5)圖示迴路(3迴路、b = l+n-1) ![](https://i.imgur.com/zRx8A2U.png) ## (二)串聯、並聯判斷。 ### 1、串聯:兩個或多個元件使用同一個節點(擁有相同的電流) ### 2、並聯:兩個或多個元件連結相同的兩個節點(擁有相同的電壓) ## 三、基爾霍夫電路定律(Kirchhoff’s Laws) ### (一)基爾霍夫電流定理(Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)) #### 對任一節點或封閉面而言 * 流入電流=流出電流 * 所有流入之電流和為0 * 所有流出之電流合為0 ### (二)基爾霍夫電壓定理(Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)) * 閉合路徑(或環路)周圍所有電壓和為零。 * 電壓降總和 = 電壓上升總和 ## 四、串聯電阻和分壓 ### (一)電阻 #### 串聯電阻的等效電阻是各個電阻的總和。 ### (二)分壓 ##### 串聯電流相同,各元件電壓(V) = 電流(I) * 各元件之電阻(R) ## 五、並聯電阻和分流 ### (一)電阻 #### 並聯電阻的等效電阻等於乘積它們的電阻除以它們的總和。 #### 並聯電阻的等效電導等於各電導之總和。 ### (二)分流 ##### 並聯電壓相同,各元件電流(I) = 電壓(V) / 各元件之電阻(R) ## 六、電路轉換 ### Δ 化 Y ![](https://i.imgur.com/a4jrOVv.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/SRxFHEg.png)

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