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    # 3 差异 > 说明: > 1. 文本是Critique of Everyday Life – Henri Lefebvre. pdf 4.1MB > 2. 段落前的编码1/550的意思是:在本页中自上而下的段落序号/页码 > 1/550 这个概念及与其相关的,保持差异的权利,在1968年左右得到了一种理论上的阐述。当然在这之前也有企图对此进行理性阐述的实践、灵感、和需求存在。但是在这个时期,对于差异的学术思考是通过好几条收敛的路径来完成的: (a)科学路线:差异的概念在数学集合论(在数学中翻译为“差”)和语言学及其相关学科中都扮演着关键的角色; (b)哲学路线:对人这个物种及其可能性的一般性反思,和民族群体的历史等等; (c)方法论路线: 差异的概念在逻辑思考中反映出来作为逻辑与辩证法之间的联系; (d)抗争路线,性别,世代,地区等。 2/550 对于Difference及其权利的阐释,为多种社会运动提供理论合法性依据。关键在于抵抗各式各样的整合,如集中主义、帝国主义等。 1/551 差异理论在当时的女权运动中的作用:在普遍存在的两个错误(强调女人是各类女性化因素综合起来的特殊群体,鼓动女人进行男性化)之间为女权运动开辟了一条新的道路。即一种女性对平等地位的追求,把差异的权利当做一种平等的权利来追求,彻底把平等的概念从旧民主的定义中转变过来。谋求把保持差异的权利作为一种人权。 2/551 (问题一:马克思及其继承者如何看待difference?)马克思主义者及其继承者认为:思考简化了经济和政治现实在劳工和工人身上的反映? 3/551 差异主义者的研究和分析几乎没有发现任何马克思主义者对此的回应。对于差异的讨论,要基于对特殊性和差异性的理论研究。 4/551 特殊性由生物学和心理学事实进行定义,而差异性只有社会化的定义,并没有其他事实基础。对于差异性的讨论是由对于特殊性的讨论发展而来的。基于在斗争中Others这个概念的确立,包括一整套的知识和意识。历史上对于这一对概念的摇摆。以及这种摇摆在现代民主历史中的重现。 2/552 特殊性和差异性之间的差别和动态过程只是理论的一部分,忽视了一些潜藏的危机。比如种族主义、性别主义等等。 3/552 这个理论并没有诋毁以差异为名的阶级斗争。要建立的是一个人们意识到他们之间差异的社会,而非是明确他们特殊性的社会。 4/552 这个社会会避免那种抽象和强加身份的同质性。整合历史斗争遗产。这个社会不是乌托邦也不是赤裸的现实集合。这是个民主实现其潜力的多元社会。多元与日常生活有关。(问题二:这个社会致力于走向阶级的终结?) 2/553 为什么差异理论被忽略、中和和挪用,以及其具体实现: (a) 政治上。是指向创新的左派的革命理论。雅各宾党的接班人也就是中央集权和有些男权的这些人并没有理解差异的权利。只是把它当做是一种政治工具。很多马克思主义者没有意识到需要通过发展这种权利去实现民主,作为实现政治策略的基础。 总之在差异的方向上去转化日常生活迄今为止也只有一小部分团体在做。 (问题三:什么是modifications in daily life in the direction of difference) (b) 科学上。用distinction代替difference. Distinction的概念在逻辑学和伦理学或者美学上都还是模糊不清。基于等级强调社会距离,去归类class。之前有一种社会学的研究方法就是基于个人的分类方法,即“除非他自己声称自己属于哪个阶级”(问题四:希望可以听老师展开聊一下这种方法) 分类者跟被分类者并列。 1/555 为什么差异成为了一种再连接,而不是走向分离呢?因为差异仅仅是存在于感知之中,只在相互和广阔的关系中被感知。如果没有关系也就没有对差异的感知。Distinction theory是一种基于现实的理论。 2/555 对于西方世界、欧洲法国来说,这种情况太真实了。他们省略了对差异的讨论……… 3/555 对这些价值观和符号作为区分的原则和标准,引起社会解体,简直太真实了。《区分:对趣味判断的社会批判》(皮埃尔·布迪厄) (c) 策略上。 4/556左派不愿放弃集权主义。地区、年轻人和女性提出的诉求,只得到左派一些口头上的支持。我们可以从中学到的是什么?左派设想的平等只是建立在他们认为的非分化的、有国家定义的抽象身份的基础之上。左派对差异的理解本质上是错误的。差异是定性的。差异存在即说明有优势和劣势的分化。必须把不平等当作差异来接受。谁能否认统治阶级的小孩受到的教育更好?…… 2/557 资本主义和社会主义共谋。马克思主义开始转向技术-经济理性。产生自我调节的系统,抑制差异。生产性的自动化是不存在的,我们只是迈向巨大的自我调节系统,让工作更有成效。 1/558 批评家的结论是:差异和差异的权利是由中产阶级发起的,他们现在是社会的中流砥柱,但是却没什么政治影响力。他们想改变这个现状。反驳这种意识形态。他们谋求从生产阶级中区分出来,崇拜差异,于是就产生了一系列日常生活方式。无产阶级无暇顾及这些知识分子顾及的地方。左右派都在犯错误!唯一重要的是矛盾。冲突。而不是差异!工人阶级既没有占据中心,也没有实现真正的去中心化。于是真正的革命转变体现在在国家和政治控制下,工人阶级远离城市中心、贫民窟和隔离,以防社会分裂。 2/558 答批评家和新右派:差异的权利并没有排除所有的歧义。也没有拥有不可撼动的逻辑。自我管理的资本主义是不可想象的没错。人权是双面武器,没错。所以这意味着赌场跟赌注是联系在一起的。政治斗争在地区、国家或者是全球上演。

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