地科培訓筆記
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    ###### tags: `地質` # 現代地質學開端 >5/31 19:30 2022地奧決選營第三天 科學:對尋常生活現象的合理解釋 ## 《The Structure of Scientific Revolution》 Thomas Kuhn(1922~1996) :思考如何理解亞里斯多德的科學解釋 《The Structure of Scientific Revolution》《科學革命的結構》(1962) * 科學非線性前進,而是因革命前進 * 當科學家提出科學的典範被提出後,就能了解大部分的世界 * 科學實驗結果必須得合乎科學典範 * 科學群體可以將問題放置一旁,暫時不需解決 * 等到問題過多無法解決時,就會有新來的人提出新的典範 ## 古希臘時期的地球測量 ### 地球半徑測量 #### 喜帕恰斯 Hipparchus(190~120 B.C.) * 測量地球半徑 * 在兩地同時測量太陽傾角,計算傾角差 * 利用兩地距離,推算地球半徑 #### 穆斯林測量方式 * 訓練移動速度固定的駱駝 * 觀星人騎駱駝直到恆星角度改變一度,返回後得知地球一度的距離 ### 地球年紀測量 #### Edmond Halley 哈雷(1656-1742) * 假設:地球全部都是淡水,計算石頭溶解鹽度需要多久時間才能變為海水鹽度 * 搜集海水得知地球海水平均鹽度,但難以計算,實驗沒有結果 #### 創世紀 * 地球出現於公元前4004年~=地球大約六千歲 * 創世紀後,世界維持不變,不存在與現今不同的世界(永恆論) #### Nicolaus Steno (1638~1686) * 蛇石:三角形有刻痕的石頭從何來? 刻痕是天使劃下的,隨著流星雨飛到地球上 比對:蛇石其實是鯊魚牙齒,讓Steno領悟到世界萬物多是由自然力造成。 * 海平面上為何有海洋生物化石? 聖經:大洪水造成,把海洋生物帶到岸上 但地層深處仍有大量海洋生物,無法用大洪水解釋 最終推論:海洋生物曾經為陸上生物,可以爬到陸上 #### 史坦諾三大定律 * 地層底下老上層年輕 * 地層為水平層置 * 河谷兩側是對稱的 * 為後人整理史坦諾的推論 #### 虎克 Robert Hooke * 得出的結論與史坦諾相同:大自然無神力,多為自然之力造成 * 老子:天地不仁,以萬物為芻狗 #### Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon * 測量地球年齡前的假設:地球從太陽噴出來,是一顆鐵球 * 測量鐵球冷卻至室溫需要的時間,推論地球大小的鐵球冷卻需要多久時間 * 《自然系統》50鉅冊,包含礦物、植物、動物等關於自然界的書籍 #### Jean-Baptiste Lamarck(1744-1829) * Chain of Being * 物種演化會經過相同的步驟,但物種出現的時間不同,就會演化出不同的生物 #### Georges Cuvier(1769-1832) * 比較解剖學研究 * 17世紀解剖學:僅說明看見的事物是什麼 * 居維葉的解剖學:說明解剖後的看見的所有事物如何作用 * 針對魚龍化石提出的見解:生物滅絕,存在與現在不同的世界 * dodo bird:第一種人類目睹的滅絕生物,As dead as a dodo. * 古生物學的現代意義:探討物種適應年代,不同年代的環境差異 * 同源器官 Homology & 同工器官 Analogy #### 1755 Lisbon Earthquake * 推估規模接近九的地震,搖晃超過三分鐘 * 摧毀葡萄牙里斯本大城,造成十萬人死亡,約當地1/3人口 * 為地震學的起始點,開始針對地震進行大規模的科學研究 #### James Hutton(1726-1797) * 現時論(actualism) * The present is the key to the past. * 當時多數人對地質現象的解釋:地球是穩定的自然系統 * 證據顯示地質作用緩慢,地球歷史必定非常悠久 #### Charles Lyell (1797-1875) * 均變論(Uniformitarianism) * 化石紀錄不完整,極度殘缺 * 例:希臘有三根柱子,有些海洋生物長在上面,但希臘的潮差很小 解釋:地層緩緩地下降又緩緩地上升,顯示地球的地層變化非常慢??? #### Charles Darwin (1809-1882) * 達爾文是一個大學無所事事沒有成見的廢物富二代 * 小獵犬號是費茲羅伊FitzRoy家族所有 * 1829年小獵犬出航,但船長憂鬱症自殺,他的姪子1830年回英國整備 * 小獵犬號1831年重新出航,姪子船長覺得孤單要找人陪,因此公開徵友出航 * 陰錯陽差找到達爾文,找他爸要錢,要一封介紹信給他 * 達爾文在船上仍然發揮他的廢物本性,整天暈船亂花錢 * 回倫敦後達爾文再也沒離開過倫敦,而且體弱多病但生了十個孩子 * 整輩子思考了天擇理論,最終與華萊士提出演化論 #### Eichard Dawkins(1941-) * 為什麼宗教界討厭演化論:上帝存在帶來人類的光明面 * 光明面也能藉由演化論解釋

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