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    ###### tags: `大一` `普物` # 電學 ## 電場與電位 ### Electric field ![](https://i.imgur.com/56Eh5o7.png =40%x) ==正電荷==產生的電場==向外==;負電荷產生的電場向內 ==正電荷==受力與電場==方向相同==;負電荷受力與電場方向相反 $dQ$ 依據電荷分布型態以下列方式取得 線 $dQ = λdl$ 面 $dQ = σdA$ --- ### Electric flux ![](https://i.imgur.com/ld76fE3.png =30%x) 電場方向離開面積 電通量為正;進入面積 電通量為負 ![](https://i.imgur.com/T2Y7hAg.png =40%x) #### Guass' Law 通過任一封閉曲面(高斯面)的淨電通量 與 該面所圍住的淨電荷量 成正比。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/SqW5PJ9.png =30%x) :::success **How to 求電場?** 找到高斯面,求出其內部的淨電荷,以及 $dA$ 再套進高斯定律 ::: --- ### electric potential ![](https://i.imgur.com/riYNq4w.png =20%x) 多點電荷所建立之電位 ![](https://i.imgur.com/QkF3QXI.png =20%x) 連續電荷所建立之電位 ![](https://i.imgur.com/X068fKy.png =20%x) --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/S4sEj0t.jpg) --- ## 各種物體的電場與電位 ### charged line segment ![](https://i.imgur.com/jcKBN0I.png =60%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/kTMxbKI.png =30%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/Ozz1Ueh.png =40%x) --- ### charged ring ![](https://i.imgur.com/9Kss4F6.png =30%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/vzfXmnM.png =40%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/IrTK5WS.png =40%x) --- ### charged disk ![](https://i.imgur.com/ZSoewfA.png =30%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/ahzp59D.png =40%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/yAkpf21.png =40%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/lotmK4B.png =50%x) --- ### cylindrical symmetry ![](https://i.imgur.com/XZf7wt9.png =40%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/ezbKzJp.png =40%x) --- ### 平行板 非導體 ![](https://i.imgur.com/eu8QJQd.png =20%x)![](https://i.imgur.com/U0ugXcH.png =40%x) 導體 ![](https://i.imgur.com/nQGkpYa.png =30%x)![](https://i.imgur.com/zcg4nWy.png =40%x) --- ### 球體 空心 ![](https://i.imgur.com/GjLUMnK.png =70%x) 實心 ![](https://i.imgur.com/KBBinUB.png =60%x) <br> <br> ## 電容 ![](https://i.imgur.com/hsWD6u5.png =50%x) $C$ 為電容,為比例常數,代表在電位差$V$的電容板間能儲存的電量 單位為 $1F = 1C/V$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/FuXlvKD.png =15%x) <br> :::success **How to 算電容?** 用高斯定律算電場 ![](https://i.imgur.com/B2B5ga7.png =30%x) 求出電位差 ![](https://i.imgur.com/GC9NsPp.png =30%x) 最後用 $q=CV$ 求電容 ::: ### 各種形狀的電容器 #### 平行板電容器 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Qoq8gBG.png =20%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/ggD954q.png =50%x) :::spoiler 範例 ![](https://i.imgur.com/A70shwc.png) ::: --- #### 圓柱電容器 ![](https://i.imgur.com/zZnXA6j.png =30%x) 長度 $L$ ; 內半徑 $a$ ; 外半徑 $b$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/BPYYEYK.png =50%x) --- #### 球形電容器 ![](https://i.imgur.com/xtuXiqd.png =30%x) 孤立導體球($a=R$ ; $b→∞$) ![](https://i.imgur.com/pdbpiMm.png =20%x) --- ### 並聯串聯 ==parallel(並聯)== ![](https://i.imgur.com/275OQCX.png =50%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/dCqNDA3.png =50%x) 等效電容(永遠大於任一電容值) ![](https://i.imgur.com/1Y34iGo.png =40%x) --- ==series(串聯)== ![](https://i.imgur.com/gSR7R3A.png =50%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/3EgEx4d.png =50%x) 等效電容(永遠小於任一電容值) ![](https://i.imgur.com/R4PhhQE.png =40%x) ### 電容中儲存的能量 ==電容器中的電位能== $U = \frac{Q^2}{2C} = \frac{1}{2}CV^2$ 相當於將電容充滿電所需做的功 ==電場之能量密度(energy density)== ![](https://i.imgur.com/iSPguwy.png =20%x) 上式雖是以平行板電容器推出,但亦可適用其他形式之電場 ==總電位能== ![](https://i.imgur.com/UhGgkBA.png =15%x) ### 電介質(dielectic)的影響 :::info 平行板公式 電場 $E=\frac{σ}{ε_0}$ 電位差 $V=Ed=\frac{σ}{ε_0}d$ 電容 $C=\frac{Q}{V}=ε_0\frac{A}{d}$ ::: 如果電容板間填入電介質, 將 $ε_0$ 替換成 $κε_0$ 其中 $κ$ 為介電係數(必大於1) ![](https://i.imgur.com/ZVJ2vhH.png =50%x) <br> <br> ## 電路 :::info 重要公式 $I=\frac{dQ}{dt}$ $V=IR$ $P=\frac{dE}{dt}=IV=I^2R=\frac{V^2}{R}$ 串聯電阻 ![](https://i.imgur.com/7iJwzyH.png =50%x) 並聯電阻 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Ww6C6vQ.png =50%x) ::: ### 電動勢(emf) 某裝置(emf device) 對一單位的正電荷所作之功稱為電動勢 $ε$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/tJd0g7M.png =20%x) 電池兩端電位差稱為端電壓 $V$ **理想電池**(無電阻): $V=ε$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/1AK6GA9.png =50%x) **實際電池**(有電阻): 通路時 $V=ε-IR$ ;斷路時同理想電池 ![](https://i.imgur.com/15WqDzp.png) ==實際電池的電流== ![](https://i.imgur.com/N4169Wr.png =15%x) --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/g1RGVYV.jpg =80%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/uuWTxlp.png) ### RC電路 ![](https://i.imgur.com/lrE0TAy.png =40%x) ==充電== ![](https://i.imgur.com/HGLGllG.png =30%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/s7ZRncU.png =30%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/oFTQSlj.png =30%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/U6T5aFm.png =30%x) ==放電== ![](https://i.imgur.com/QqQtEGB.png =20%x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/bfIVGtp.png =30%x)

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