王承偉
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    # 行動通訊的發展史 #### 20503 王承偉 ## 行動通訊的起源 ### 在1940年,摩托羅拉為美軍製造手持式無線對講機,開啟了行動通訊的第一步。當時的無線電通訊設備非常笨重,即便號稱是「手持」,但若包含無線電跟電池,全部重量可達25公斤,因此除了軍用外並無民間使用。 ## 行動通訊的普及 #### 第一個商用的行動通訊系統是1944年安裝在計程車上的對講機,但真正被眾多使用者接受的,則是在1982年開始的先進移動電話服務系統(AMPS) ## 第三代行動通訊(3G) #### 第三代行動通訊技術是指支援高速資料傳輸的蜂窩式移動通訊技術,能夠同時傳送聲音(通話)及資訊。第三代行動通訊技術不同於第一、二代行動通訊系統僅提供語音服務,系統還提供其他寬頻應用,包括數據上網和多媒體服務。 ### 使用技術 #### 第三代行動通訊主要建立在分碼多工存取(code division multiple access, CDMA)技術,這技術最早使用於軍事通訊,透過很寬的通道發送弱訊號,避免被敵人發現。時至今日,CDMA行動通訊是把話音訊號轉換為數位訊號,給每組數據話音封包增加一個地址進行擾碼處理,並且把它發射到空中,只有具有相同解碼資訊的使用者,才能接收到送給自己的訊息。 ## 第四代行動通訊(4G) #### 第四代(4th generation, 4G)行動通訊技術是3G之後的延伸,簡單說來,1G是類比、2G是數位、3G是數據,4G就是指非常快的數據傳輸。國際電信聯盟對4G的定義,是指用戶在靜止狀態的傳輸速率達1 Gbps,而在移動狀態也可以達到100 Mbps。但這並不是意味著4G一推出馬上就會有這麼快速率的手機,而是指4G的技術規格可以逐漸發展,最後達到1 Gbps速率的目標。 ### 使用技術 #### 第四代行動通訊主要建立在正交分頻多工接取(orthogonal frequency-division multiple access, OFDMA)技術上,把高速的資料信號轉換成並行的低速的子資料流程,並使其在子通道上傳輸。由於可以把許多子資料載到許多的子頻道上,因此有效地提升了頻譜的利用率,並增加了系統的資料傳輸量。 ![圖片](https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*4q9IyygdDbWjvypsIA2kiw.jpeg) ## 第五代行動通訊 #### (英語:5th generation mobile networks或5th generation wireless systems,簡稱5G)是最新一代行動通訊技術,為4G(LTE-A、WiMAX-A)系統後的延伸。5G的效能目標是高資料速率、減少延遲、節省能源、降低成本、提高系統容量和大規模裝置連接。Release-15中的5G規範的第一階段是為了適應早期的商業部署。Release-16的第二階段於2020年4月完成,作為IMT-2020技術的候選提交給國際電信聯盟(ITU)。 #### ITU IMT-2020規範要求速度高達20 Gbit/s,可以實現寬通道頻寬和大容量MIMO。第三代合作夥伴計劃(3GPP)將提交5G NR(新無線電)作為其5G通訊標準提案。5G NR可包括低頻(FR1),低於6 GHz和更高頻率(FR2),高於24 GHz和毫米波範圍。在早期發展時,在4G硬體(非獨立)上使用5G NR軟體的速度和延遲相較新一代4G系統只擁有約25%到50%的改善振幅。獨立eMBB部署的仿真顯示,在FR1範圍內,吞吐量提高了2.5倍,在FR2範圍內提高了近20倍 ### 使用技術 #### 5G將採用512-QAM或1024-QAM更高的資料壓縮密度調變/解調變器,目前4G使用256-QAM或64-QAM的調變以壓縮傳輸資料,因此頻譜效率每Mbps/100MHz的利用效率更高提高更多傳輸速率。 #### 5G將採用28GHz毫米波通訊,比如目前4G使用700MHz、900MHz、1800Mhz、2600Mhz等低頻段,雖然電波繞射能力比較高但是在低頻上頻譜資源就卻相當有限,在高頻的毫米波大多是軍用戰鬥機雷達或測速照相等少數裝置,頻譜寬度更高,而且更容易找到連續頻譜,使空白頻譜非常容易取得。 #### 波束指向配合多輸入多輸出(Multi-input Multi-output;MIMO)相控陣列天線,MIMO多輸入多輸出利用電磁波的空間多工和路徑不同多天線系統提高傳輸速率,類似在軍用領域的技術將延伸出的商用技術版本。 #### 波束自適應和波束成形,能夠提高特定方向的波瓣優化傳輸距離。 #### 新材料將使用GaN氮化鎵或是GaAs砷化鎵材料的RF射頻天線和功率放大器,此材料的RF射頻天線能在更高的頻段有更高的能源效率,裝置會比較省電。 #### 為了適應工業物聯網、無人駕駛汽車、商用無人機等新技術的應用,網路延遲時間將降低到1毫秒以下。 ![圖片](https://i2.kknews.cc/SIG=1efaf3n/ctp-vzntr/15409537876626r919s3p45.jpg) ## 3/4與5G的差異 ![image alt](https://rantcell.com/images/table-comparison-of-2g-3g-4g-5g.png)

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