---
tags: linux2022
---
# 2022q1 Homework1 (quiz1)
contributed by < `Xx-oX` >
> [題目](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2022-quiz1#2022q1-%E7%AC%AC-1-%E9%80%B1%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97%E9%A1%8C)
## 測驗 `1`
利用 [Hash Table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table) 解決 [LeetCode 1. Two Sum](https://leetcode.com/problems/two-sum/)
考慮以下實作,補完(AAA, BBB)並解釋運作原理(延伸題目 1)
:::spoiler 題目程式碼
```c
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct hlist_node { struct hlist_node *next, **pprev; };
struct hlist_head { struct hlist_node *first; };
typedef struct { int bits; struct hlist_head *ht; } map_t;
#define MAP_HASH_SIZE(bits) (1 << bits)
map_t *map_init(int bits) {
map_t *map = malloc(sizeof(map_t));
if (!map)
return NULL;
map->bits = bits;
map->ht = malloc(sizeof(struct hlist_head) * MAP_HASH_SIZE(map->bits));
if (map->ht) {
for (int i = 0; i < MAP_HASH_SIZE(map->bits); i++)
(map->ht)[i].first = NULL;
} else {
free(map);
map = NULL;
}
return map;
}
struct hash_key {
int key;
void *data;
struct hlist_node node;
};
#define container_of(ptr, type, member) \
({ \
void *__mptr = (void *) (ptr); \
((type *) (__mptr - offsetof(type, member))); \
})
#define GOLDEN_RATIO_32 0x61C88647
static inline unsigned int hash(unsigned int val, unsigned int bits) {
/* High bits are more random, so use them. */
return (val * GOLDEN_RATIO_32) >> (32 - bits);
}
static struct hash_key *find_key(map_t *map, int key) {
struct hlist_head *head = &(map->ht)[hash(key, map->bits)];
for (struct hlist_node *p = head->first; p; p = p->next) {
struct hash_key *kn = container_of(p, struct hash_key, node);
if (kn->key == key)
return kn;
}
return NULL;
}
void *map_get(map_t *map, int key)
{
struct hash_key *kn = find_key(map, key);
return kn ? kn->data : NULL;
}
void map_add(map_t *map, int key, void *data)
{
struct hash_key *kn = find_key(map, key);
if (kn)
return;
kn = malloc(sizeof(struct hash_key));
kn->key = key, kn->data = data;
struct hlist_head *h = &map->ht[hash(key, map->bits)];
struct hlist_node *n = &kn->node, *first = h->first;
AAA;
if (first)
first->pprev = &n->next;
h->first = n;
BBB;
}
void map_deinit(map_t *map)
{
if (!map)
return;
for (int i = 0; i < MAP_HASH_SIZE(map->bits); i++) {
struct hlist_head *head = &map->ht[i];
for (struct hlist_node *p = head->first; p;) {
struct hash_key *kn = container_of(p, struct hash_key, node);
struct hlist_node *n = p;
p = p->next;
if (!n->pprev) /* unhashed */
goto bail;
struct hlist_node *next = n->next, **pprev = n->pprev;
*pprev = next;
if (next)
next->pprev = pprev;
n->next = NULL, n->pprev = NULL;
bail:
free(kn->data);
free(kn);
}
}
free(map);
}
int *twoSum(int *nums, int numsSize, int target, int *returnSize)
{
map_t *map = map_init(10);
*returnSize = 0;
int *ret = malloc(sizeof(int) * 2);
if (!ret)
goto bail;
for (int i = 0; i < numsSize; i++) {
int *p = map_get(map, target - nums[i]);
if (p) { /* found */
ret[0] = i, ret[1] = *p;
*returnSize = 2;
break;
}
p = malloc(sizeof(int));
*p = i;
map_add(map, nums[i], p);
}
bail:
map_deinit(map);
return ret;
}
```
:::
### 運作原理
尋訪所有 nums 中的數字,在 Hash table 中找尋是否有 target 減去該數字的值
如果沒有就將此數字加入 Hash table
加入數字到 Hash table 時會先檢查是否已經存在了,如果沒有就在 `hlist_head` 陣列中相應 index 值的串列開頭加入新的節點 (參考下方說明)
### 資料結構
```c
struct hlist_node { struct hlist_node *next, **pprev; };
struct hlist_head { struct hlist_node *first; };
typedef struct { int bits; struct hlist_head *ht; } map_t;
struct hash_key {
int key;
void *data;
struct hlist_node node;
};
```
* `hlist_head` : Hash table 的起始節點,可以節省起始端 `**pprev` 的空間
* `hlist_node` : Hash table 的節點,其中 `**pprev` 是上一個節點的指標的指標,用來直接存取上一個節點的 `*next` ,以便在 $O(1)$ 的時間複雜度內完成加入 list 之類的操作
```graphviz
digraph g_hlist_node{
rankdir = LR
node[shape=record]
hn1 [label="<a>hlist_node_a|{<pprev>**pprev|<next>*next}"]
hn2 [label="<a>hlist_node_b|{<pprev>**pprev|<next>*next}"]
hn1:next -> hn2:a
hn2:pprev -> hn1:next
}
```
* `hash_key` : 用來存放資料的 bucket 底部用 `hlist_node` 連結,跟 `lab0` 中的 `element_t` 相似
```graphviz
digraph g_hash_key{
rankdir = LR
node[shape=record]
hh [label="<a>hlist_head|<p>first"]
hk [label="<a>hash_key|key|data|<p>hlist_node|{**pprev|*next}"]
hh:p -> hk:p
}
```
* `map_t` : 整個 Hash table 的起始,其中 `bits` 表示 Hash table 的大小,`ht` 則指向 `hlist_head` 的陣列
```graphviz
digraph g_hash_table{
rankdir = LR
node[shape=record]
m [label="<a>map_t|bits|<p>ht"]
hharray [label="<a>hlist_head[MAP_HASH_SIZE(bits)]|{hlist_head_1|<hh1f>first}|{hlist_head_2|<hh2f>first}|..."]
hn1_1 [label="<a>hlist_node_1_1|{<pprev>**pprev|<next>*next}"]
hn1_2 [label="<a>hlist_node_1_2|{<pprev>**pprev|<next>*next}"]
hn2_1 [label="<a>hlist_node_2_1|{<pprev>**pprev|<next>*next}"]
node[shape=plaintext]
p1 [label="..."]
p2 [label="..."]
m:p -> hharray:a
hharray:hh1f -> hn1_1:a
hn1_1:pprev -> hharray:hh1f
hn1_1:next -> hn1_2:a
hn1_2:pprev -> hn1_1:next
hn1_2:next -> p1
hharray:hh2f -> hn2_1:a
hn2_1:pprev -> hharray:hh2f
hn2_1:next -> p2
}
```
### 函式
`map_init` : 初始化整個 Hash table 以及 `hlist_head` 陣列
`hash` : 此 Hash table 的 Hash function,回傳`(val * GOLDEN_RATIO_32) >> (32 - bits)` 作為 Hash table 的 index
`find_key` : 查詢 Hash table 中有無某個 Key 值的資料,有的話回傳該 `hash_key`
`map_get` : 包裝 `find_key`,給最後 `twoSum` 做整數運算
> 回傳型態為 void* ,待後續呼叫作顯式轉型
`map_add` : 新增一筆資料到 Hash table 中
`map_deinit` : 斷開 Hash table 中的連結,並釋放占用的記憶體空間
`two_sum` : 解決問題的主程式,在 Hash table 中查找有無符合條件的數字
### 填空
```c
void map_add(map_t *map, int key, void *data)
{
struct hash_key *kn = find_key(map, key);
if (kn)
return;
kn = malloc(sizeof(struct hash_key));
kn->key = key, kn->data = data;
struct hlist_head *h = &map->ht[hash(key, map->bits)];
struct hlist_node *n = &kn->node, *first = h->first;
AAA;
if (first)
first->pprev = &n->next;
h->first = n;
BBB;
}
```
AAA 應填入 `n->next = first` 由後三行程式碼可以發現是將新節點 `n` 接在 list 的開頭
BBB 應填入 `n->pprev = &h->first`,將 `n` 與 `h` 相連 (從上一行 `h->first = n` 得知)
結果如下圖
```graphviz
digraph g_aaa{
rankdir = LR
node[shape=record]
h [label="<a>h|<p>first"]
n [label="<a>n|{<p>**pprev|<n>*next}"]
o [label="<a>first|{<p>**pprev|*next}"]
n:n -> o:a
o:p -> n:n
h:p -> n:a
n:p -> h
}
```
## 測驗 `2`
考慮以下針對 [LeetCode 82. Remove Duplicates from Sorted List II](https://leetcode.com/problems/remove-duplicates-from-sorted-list-ii/) 的實作
```c
#include <stddef.h>
struct ListNode {
int val;
struct ListNode *next;
};
struct ListNode *deleteDuplicates(struct ListNode *head)
{
if (!head)
return NULL;
if (COND1) {
/* Remove all duplicate numbers */
while (COND2)
head = head->next;
return deleteDuplicates(head->next);
}
head->next = deleteDuplicates(head->next);
return head;
}
```
填入 COND1 及 COND2,並
* 嘗試避免遞迴,寫出同樣作用的程式碼
* 以類似 Linux 核心的 circular doubly-linked list 改寫,撰寫遞迴和迭代 (iterative) 的程式碼
### 填空
目標是要在已排序的串列中刪除重複的節點
故 COND1 應填入 `head->next && head->value == head->next->value` 檢查此節點的值是否等於下個節點的值,其中需要檢查下個節點是否存在
而 COND2 那行的 while 是為了尋訪後續數值相同的節點,所以條件與 COND1 相同,填入
`head->next && head->value == head->next->value`
### 迭代版本的程式碼
```c
#include <stddef.h>
struct ListNode {
int val;
struct ListNode *next;
};
void deleteDuplicates(struct ListNode *head)
{
if (!head)
return;
struct ListNode *p = head;
struct ListNode *pp = &head->next;
for (; p->next; pp = &p->next, p = p->next) {
if (p->val == p->next->val) {
int c = p->val;
for (p = p->next; p->next; p = p->next) {
if (p->next->val != c)
break;
}
pp->next = p->next;
}
}
}
```
改寫自 [Xx-oX/lab0-c](https://github.com/Xx-oX/lab0-c/blob/master/queue.c) 當中的 `q_delete_dup`,使用 `pointer to pointer` 的技巧來連接節點
### Circular doubly-linked list 版本
參見 [Xx-oX/lab0-c](https://github.com/Xx-oX/lab0-c/blob/master/queue.c) 當中的 `q_delete_dup`
## 測驗 `3`
考慮以下針對 [LeetCode 146. LRU Cache](https://leetcode.com/problems/lru-cache/) 的實作
```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "list.h"
typedef struct {
int capacity, count;
struct list_head dhead, hheads[];
} LRUCache;
typedef struct {
int key, value;
struct list_head hlink, dlink;
} LRUNode;
LRUCache *lRUCacheCreate(int capacity)
{
LRUCache *obj = malloc(sizeof(*obj) + capacity * sizeof(struct list_head));
obj->count = 0;
obj->capacity = capacity;
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&obj->dhead);
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++)
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&obj->hheads[i]);
return obj;
}
void lRUCacheFree(LRUCache *obj)
{
LRUNode *lru, *n;
MMM1 (lru, n, &obj->dhead, dlink) {
list_del(&lru->dlink);
free(lru);
}
free(obj);
}
int lRUCacheGet(LRUCache *obj, int key)
{
LRUNode *lru;
int hash = key % obj->capacity;
MMM2 (lru, &obj->hheads[hash], hlink) {
if (lru->key == key) {
list_move(&lru->dlink, &obj->dhead);
return lru->value;
}
}
return -1;
}
void lRUCachePut(LRUCache *obj, int key, int value)
{
LRUNode *lru;
int hash = key % obj->capacity;
MMM3 (lru, &obj->hheads[hash], hlink) {
if (lru->key == key) {
list_move(&lru->dlink, &obj->dhead);
lru->value = value;
return;
}
}
if (obj->count == obj->capacity) {
lru = MMM4(&obj->dhead, LRUNode, dlink);
list_del(&lru->dlink);
list_del(&lru->hlink);
} else {
lru = malloc(sizeof(LRUNode));
obj->count++;
}
lru->key = key;
list_add(&lru->dlink, &obj->dhead);
list_add(&lru->hlink, &obj->hheads[hash]);
lru->value = value;
}
```
填入 MMM1, MMM2, MMM3 以及 MMM4,並
* 解釋上述程式碼的運作,撰寫完整的測試程式,指出其中可改進之處並實作
* 在 Linux 核心找出 LRU 相關程式碼並探討
### 填空
MMM1 應填入 `list_for_each_entry_safe`,作用是要釋出記憶體,故使用安全的遍歷版本
MMM2 與 MMM3 應填入 `list_for_each_entry`,作用是在 `obj->hheads[hash]` 中遍歷,並使用對應的 `entry`
MMM4 應填入 `list_last_entry`,作用是移除串列最後的節點
## 測驗 `4`
考慮以下針對 [LeetCode 128. Longest Consecutive Sequence](https://leetcode.com/problems/longest-consecutive-sequence/description/) 的實作
```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "list.h"
struct seq_node {
int num;
struct list_head link;
};
static struct seq_node *find(int num, int size, struct list_head *heads)
{
struct seq_node *node;
int hash = num < 0 ? -num % size : num % size;
list_for_each_entry (node, &heads[hash], link) {
if (node->num == num)
return node;
}
return NULL;
}
int longestConsecutive(int *nums, int n_size)
{
int hash, length = 0;
struct seq_node *node;
struct list_head *heads = malloc(n_size * sizeof(*heads));
for (int i = 0; i < n_size; i++)
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&heads[i]);
for (int i = 0; i < n_size; i++) {
if (!find(nums[i], n_size, heads)) {
hash = nums[i] < 0 ? -nums[i] % n_size : nums[i] % n_size;
node = malloc(sizeof(*node));
node->num = nums[i];
list_add(&node->link, &heads[hash]);
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < n_size; i++) {
int len = 0;
int num;
node = find(nums[i], n_size, heads);
while (node) {
len++;
num = node->num;
list_del(&node->link);
int left = num, right = num;
while ((node = find(LLL, n_size, heads))) {
len++;
list_del(&node->link);
}
while ((node = find(RRR, n_size, heads))) {
len++;
list_del(&node->link);
}
length = len > length ? len : length;
}
}
return length;
}
```
填入 LLL 及 RRR,並
* 解釋上述程式碼的運作,撰寫完整的測試程式,指出其中可改進之處並實作
* 嘗試用 Linux 核心風格的 hash table 重新實作上述程式碼
### 填空
LLL 應填入 `--left`
RRR 應填入 `++right`
從 `left`, `right` 的初始值都是 `num` 即可判斷是要先做加減 (preinc, predec)
而 `left` 往左移動,故減 1 ; `right` 往右移動,故加 1,相當直覺