畢業製作第十一組
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    # 7/25偏鄉地區問題(11) 「偏鄉地區」定義為人口密度低於全國平均人口密度五分之一之鄉(鎮、市),或距離直轄市、縣(市)政府所在地七.五公里以上之離島,例如台東鹿野鄉、南投仁愛鄉、澎湖、金門等包括在內。 偏鄉地區最大的問題可以分以下幾點: 1. 教育資源不足 2. 距離 3. 醫療服務 在此將其展開一一分析目前現有狀況與解決辦法 # 教育資源不足 教育資源的分配規則和現況不僅直接影響教室內的教學品質,也會影響學校治理穩定性,進而影響整所學校實踐優質教育的能力。 * **物質資源:** 1. 現有問題-城鄉教育資源分配不均: 明列國民小學及國民中學設施設備基準,訂定各級學校應遵循的校園規劃、建築空間及其附屬設備的具體內容即資源使用原則。 針對偏遠地區學校在取得教育資源經常面臨的挑戰,==《偏遠地區學校教育發展條例》== 第九條指示各地方主管機關應優先補助偏遠地區學校的數位、藝文、體育、圖書的相關教材教具及硬體設備等基礎教育設施。 2. 解決方法: 近年來,教育部也根據該法,逐年編列優渥經費優化全台偏鄉和非山非市學校設施設備。跨國教育資源分配調查結果顯示,在台灣較弱勢地區的學校擁有的物質教育資源仍略少於具社經發展優勢的學校。 * **人力資源:** 1. 現有問題1-師資不足身兼多職 《國民小學與國民中學班級編制及教職員員額編制準則》5名列各校應設置的教育專業人員配置,並規定各校教師數量依班級數而定:每班至少置教師1.65人,全校未達九班者,另增置教師1人。 實務上,依班級數和學生數編制人力造成偏鄉小校員額編制不足卻要承擔和其他學校相同的行政和教學事務,校內教師身兼多職工作負擔沉重。為使學校教師有更多時間投入教學、強化行政減量減輕教學負擔,提升學校人力配置。 2. 解決方法1: 各單位皆做出相關具體回應:放寬偏遠地區國小及國中教師員額編制,應按教師授課節數滿足學生學習節數來訂定。另外,自108學年度起,教育部國教署也補助20班以下小校增置學校行政人力,並保障行政職減授課,旨在平衡小校教師的工作負擔,使教師能專注教學。 3. 現有問題2-專業領域教學人力難尋 英語、科技等專業領域教學人力難尋,也是台灣偏遠地區學校重大師資挑戰。 以108課綱中強調閱讀素養為例,為建立校園優質閱讀氛圍,整合學校閱讀資源,教育部推動公立國民中小學增置圖書館閱讀推動教師。然而,偏鄉中小學圖書館人力和資源都相對匱乏,缺乏專人管理,推廣閱讀來認識專業領域相對教師教學來說只是蜻蜓點水罷了。 4. 解決方法 2: 教育部為協助偏遠地區推定閱讀教育,自109學年起,申請計畫通過者,可得20萬元補助增列學校於整合校內外資源置圖書館閱讀推動教師,及辦理校內教師閱讀素養教學之研習或讀書會活動。此一教育人力增置因專款編列,預估符合資格的學校若有申請,大多都能通過,許多教育人員肯定這樣的政策調整能舒緩偏鄉無正式教師可申請的狀況。 * **財政資源** 1. 現有問題-中央與地方資源之分配不均 公立學校的經費來源絕大多數仰賴地方政府預算支應,當地方政府的自有財源無法充足供應國民教育所需經費時,則必須轉而仰賴上級政府的補助。這樣的財政制度衍生各式資源分配問題:**一視同仁分配制度未能顧及地方個別需求的導致中央與地方資源之分配不均**,大部分教育經費流向公立學校造成私立學校學生的基本權益受損。 2. 解決方法: 各級政府應寬列教育經費,保障專款專用,並合理分配及運用教育資源,尤其對偏遠及特殊地區的教育,更應優先予以補助。 立法院通過《教育經費編列與管理法》,指示行政院教育費基準委員會應衡酌各地區人口數、學生數、公、立學校與層級、類別、規模、所在位置、教育品質指標、學生單位成本或其他影響教育成本等因素,分別計算各級政府年度教育經費基本需求,並參照各級政府財政能力,來核定各地教育經費。 * **數位教育資源** 1. 現有問題-偏鄉電腦使用率低 今社會中吸收及傳播資訊的基礎,數位教育資源的分配也自然成為實踐平權教育的重點之一。但偏鄉地區年長者不會使用電子產品,上網更是學習困難點。 2. 解決方法: 數位機會中心在全臺17個縣市共設有114個據點提供服務,提供偏鄉民眾電腦與網路應用之場所,創造偏鄉地區居民方便上網與收訊之環境,提升民眾之電腦使用率與上網率,照顧偏鄉地區學童之數位應用學習,培植偏鄉民眾數位應用能力。 * 台灣的**均一教育平台**致力於「讓每一位孩子都有機會成為終身學習者」,透過豐富且免費的線上學習影片和練習題,讓不論身在何處的學童,都能擁有適合自己的學習資源,讓學生發展適合自己的學習方式,既能解決偏鄉師資問題,更能使民眾或孩童都有學習機會。 # 距離問題 台灣偏遠地區路途遠、運送成本高,貨運一趟三、五千元。教育部、農委會提出==偏鄉學校中央廚房計畫==,爭取近卅五億經費,將補助運費、建置廚房。 但一路上,各類零星需求都面臨相同問題。照顧部落長者的文化健康站,每天有供餐需求,居民也須採買、取藥,貨運個別運送,每趟運費都高得嚇人,卻難以整合。 1. 現有問題-上下山需人力及時間 2. 解決方法:請人幫忙代取藥、滿菜、食用解凍菜 * 偏鄉貨運需求最多的就是食材、藥物,除鬆綁法規,更重要的是**跨資源整合**,需有通報與媒合機制,成為居民、學校、文健站等間的橋梁,在地組織也將扮演重要角色。 # 醫療服務不完善 1. 現有問題-醫療服務不方便且不完善 * 基層醫療,可近性不足 * 交通不便,急重症後送,備受挑戰 * 急重症醫療,量能不足 * 公立醫療院所,設施設備老舊 2. 解決方法: 為照顧偏鄉地區民眾健康,提供基層醫療服務,政府推動提升偏鄉醫療六大策略,包括: 一、充實在地醫療人力: 培育地方養成公費生、一般公費醫師,以挹注偏鄉醫師人力。 二、提升醫療可近性: 推動山地離島地區醫療給付效益提昇計畫(IDS計畫)、獎勵於醫療資源不足地區開業(無醫村)及巡迴醫療計畫。 三、更新公立醫療院所設施設備: 離島醫院增設遠距會診設備,建置心導管室與設置MRI,重建、整修18所原住民族及離島地區衛生所,建置醫療資訊化系統。 四、強化在地緊急醫療處理能力: 推動醫學中心(重度級醫院)支援計畫、重度級醫院輔導計畫及設立24小時急診醫療站。 五、推動遠距醫療: 鬆綁遠距醫療法規、試辦遠距專科門診(會診)。 六、強化緊急後送機制: 澎湖、金門、連江配置駐地緊急後送直升機、設置空中轉診中心/視訊會診平台。 切入點:距離跨資源整合(包括醫療、食材、教育) 資料: 1. https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/448DE008087A1971/9e22e874-6232-40f4-ab29-8e2e89c9458b 2. https://icef.org.tw/2018/10/05/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%81%8F%E9%84%89%E5%AD%B8%E7%AB%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C/ 3. https://slps.hcc.edu.tw/p/406-1110-309008,r1119.php 4. https://www.teach4taiwan.org/blog/%E4%B8%8D%E6%82%A3%E5%AF%A1%E6%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%9D%87-%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E7%8F%BE%E6%B3%81/

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