畢業製作第十一組
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    # 水資源循環 (11) 全球水資源絕大多數屬於人類無法使用的海水與鹹水(佔97.5%), 而淡水中亦有將近70%屬於冰山或永凍層,30%屬於地下水,佔全球水資源中2.5%的淡水只有其中0.3%是人類真正可以使用到的。 根據TCCIP 研究推估臺灣未來的降水變遷,也發現降水時期的不平均會更極端,枯水期越乾,豐水期越濕;枯水期不下雨的天數增加,乾旱時間可能延長;而豐水期則降雨強度變大,面臨豪雨或暴雨更嚴重的狀況,反而可能加劇淹水與土石流的威脅,對於蓄水設備(如水庫淤積)造成更大的負擔。 **1. 氣候變遷的成因** 影響著氣候有許多要素,科學家已經確定人類活動已成為一個主要的作用力。人為引起的氣候變化主要是由於大氣中溫室氣體含量的變化造成的,此外大氣中懸浮微粒(又名:氣溶膠,氣膠)的變化,以及土地使用的變化等也是氣候變化的原因。人為排放的溫室氣體自工業化時代(大約1750年)起增加。目前大氣中的二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化亞氮濃度已達到過去80萬年以來的最高點。這些人為排放的溫室氣體和其他人為活動的影響遍及整個氣候系統,被認為非常可能是20世紀以來氣候暖化的主因。IPCC於2013年發布的第5次評估報告指出,1951-2010年所觀測到的全球增溫,有一半以上極可能是由人類活動所致。 **2. 氣候變遷的影響** 極端的氣候或天氣事件的變化是一般人談到氣候變遷時最關心的問題。政府間氣候變遷委員會第五次評估報告整理了20世紀中葉以來比較顯著的極端事件種類,分別出現在世界不同地方,包括: 1.白天和夜晚的溫度上升。 2.暖期及熱浪事件的增加。 3.氣溫極端偏低的白天和夜晚在減少。 4.極端降水事件增多。 5.多處出現乾旱,包括地中海、西非、北美中部、澳洲西北部等等。 6.北大西洋熱帶氣旋的頻率和活動自上世紀70年代以來有增加的趨勢,但因觀測資料尚短,確切原因仍無定論。 **3. 台灣水資源的利用情形** 臺灣因地形及氣候等因素影響,面對愈來愈嚴峻的水文條件如何有效的利用珍貴的水資源為重要!根據水利署於民國108年的統計,該年度總供水量約莫為167.39億立方公尺,其中供水源主要依靠水庫、河川、現有地下水、海淡水及境外引水等,而這些得來不易的水資源則主要支撐維持農業、工業及生活用水的穩定。 * 農業用水農業用水是指用於灌溉農田、養殖牲畜和漁業的所需用水。臺灣的農業用水約使用一年總用水量的70.99%,從統計上來看,大家可能會認為農業貌似使用過多的水甚至浪費,但是這些灌溉用水,絕大部分會滲入土壤儲存補助成為地下水進而減輕地層下陷的社會成本,甚至被下游重複引灌使用;不像工業及生活用水使用後即成為無法利用的廢水。農業用水不僅為了灌溉,亦兼具維持水循環的生態效益。  * 工業用水在工業生產過程中直接或間接使用的水量皆稱之為工業用水。約占臺灣一年總用水量的9.98%。雖然工業用水僅佔臺灣總用水量的一成左右,但是工業用水不向農業用水一樣易於回收再利用,大部分的工業用水多成為廢水,不但浪費,也對環境帶來強烈衝擊,因此工業用水的回收處理再利用及汙水排放相關政策需要我們時刻注意,不僅關注水資源的利用也保護環境!  * 生活用水生活用水顧名思義即是我們日常生活所需使用的水,如:洗澡、煮飯及飲用等;約佔臺灣一年總用水量的19.03%。根據經濟部水利署於109年統計,國人每人每日自來水生活用水平均使用量為289公升,較108年增加5公升。自來水造就我們生活的便利性,然而正是因為過於輕易地取得,造成生活用水的過度浪費;近年來的乾旱情形嚴重影響日常生活,我們更應該重新省思水資源的重要,節約用水,避免成為浪費水資源的兇手。 經濟部水利署楊偉甫署長(2010)對於臺灣地區水資源未來發展問題提出對策與展望: 1. 加強水庫集水區保育治理 2. 水庫既有設施更新改善 3. 加強區域水資源條配 4. 提升農業、工業、生活用水效率 5. 推動三全節約用水 6. 多元化水資源開發 2030年聯合國永續發展目標(SDGs)目標6: 「確保所有人都能享有水、衛生及其永續管理」 1. 新北-新莊河濱「大河之舟」計畫結合新莊人文歷史與河濱生態,規劃遊憩廊帶、人文廊帶、生態廊帶三大空間,以促進地方繁榮為始,未來將重整高灘地設施,復育大漢溪高灘地生態,尊重生物多樣性,還河於自然。 2. 桃園-科技節水桃園市水務局與神通資訊合作,開發「桃園市智慧水資源回收中心雲端統合管理平台」,結合水質、設備等監測,即時提供異常資訊,不只從人工記錄改成數位化,也更有效率地節省人力、電力及水資源耗損。 3. 雲林-循環畜牧廢水雲林為全臺養豬大縣,每日產生的廢棄物及廢水量也極為驚人,因此雲林縣政府也積極地推動畜牧糞尿資源化政策。全國推動13座沼氣發電廠中,雲林就占了7場,每日共可處理1,190噸廢水。其中,厭氧發酵及沼氣發電設備能處理龐大廢水量、發電,且形成的沼液、沼渣可做為農地肥料,兼顧環保與循環經濟。 4. 高雄-「高雄厝智慧雲」補助計畫2020年為推廣智慧節能、防災,高雄市政府首次開辦「高雄厝智慧雲」補助,鼓勵更多民眾在住宅設置雨水貯集滯洪設施、公共區域用電量觀測系統。智慧雲系統能回傳住宅用水、用電的狀況,方便民眾隨時觀測,調整用電、水的模式,減少耗損。以水資源為例,市府積少成多,藉此收集計畫,已增加336萬立方公尺的雨水貯集量,相當於超過30座寶業里滯洪池。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Vsn7ty3.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/k8uoBA6.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/mm6ZJMn.jpg) 設計切入點: 1. 海平面上升 海水倒灌,鹽水入侵淹水層 ,地下水鹽鹼化 2. 降雨強度增加 水庫淤積、水庫使用年限、淨水、河川防洪安全 3. 不降雨日增加 農業用水受影響、地下水超抽、農業停耕 4. 氣溫上升 加速水蒸發、民生用水需求上升 產品發想: 1. 海水淨化裝置 1. 農業用水裝置 1. 水循環概念商品

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