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財務管理

六大類財務報表分析

  1. 資本結構:
    (1) 負債占資產比率≦50%:資產>負債,風險小
    (2) 長期資金占固定資產比率≥1:能夠以長買長,越穩定。相反以短支長,風險高。
  2. 償債能力:
    (1) 流動比≥1:資產≥負債,以短資短的能力好
    (2) 速動比≥1:常用在零售(存貨不容易變現),公司能立即拿出來的≥負債,變現能力好
    (3) TIE 利息保障倍數:賺錢>利息支出,越大越好,長期償債能力好
  3. 經營能力:
    (1) 應收帳款週轉率:越高越好,兌現快,賺得順。
    (2) 平均收現日數:越短越好,表示貨款收回快速。
    (3) 存貨週轉率:越高越好,售貨快,賺得快。一段時間內,存貨可以週轉幾次。
    (4) 平均售貨日數:愈短愈好,表示資金積壓在存貨上的時間愈短。
    (5) 固定資產週轉率:固定資產利用率高,管理水平高。
    (6) 總資產週轉率:越高,銷售能力好。
  4. 獲利能力:
    (1)資產報酬率ROA:利潤/平均總資產,資產運用效率。
    (2)股東權益報酬率:用股東的錢所賺的收益。
    (3)純益率:每一元有多少淨利,獲利能力。
    (4)基本每股盈餘EPS:每一股能賺進多少錢。
  5. 現金流量比率
    (1)現金流量比率≥1:越高,短期償債能力就越強。用以評估營運狀況,是否足以因應短期資金缺口。
    (2)允當比率≥1:多的錢可以再去投資。是否足以應付公司的業務成長以及支付現金股利之所需。
    (3)現金再投資比率:扣除現金股利後,尚可動用的資金。
    8~10%是不錯的。
  6. 市場價值比率:
    (1)本益比P/E:股價/EPS。
    要付更多的錢,才能買到EPS。
    付多少股價,可以賺幾塊盈餘。
    P/E ≤ 10~20是不錯的。
    (2)股利率:持股的年利率。

現金流量表

活動 理想情況 理想意義 不理想
自由現金流 + 有多的盈餘 可能提升債務
營業活動 + 有收益 收益不好
投資活動 - 花錢投資 變賣資產
融資活動 - 花錢還債 借錢

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應用問題

  1. 除權 / 除息:將所賺的盈餘回饋給股東。
    配股,投資人拿到股票股利 / 配息,投資人拿到現金股利。
  2. K 線:
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  3. 均線MA:移動平均線,x日平均線。
    週線:5 MA
    月線:20 MA
    季線:60 MA
    年線:240 MA
  4. 內線交易:透過未公開資料,產生獲利的證券交易行為。
  5. 承允持有華新股票 20 張,如果今年配發股利3.5 元(現金股利3.0 元,股票股利0.5 元),請問承允可以配得華新現金股利多少錢?與股票股利多少股?
    20張 x 1000 = 20000 股
    現金股利:3.0元 x 20000股 = 60000元
    股票股利:0.5元 x 20000股 x 0.1 = 1000股