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    --- tags: 物理補強 type: slide slideOptions: transition: fade; --- <style> .reveal .slides { text-align: left; font-size:30px; } </style> # Electrostatics 3 2022 / 10 / 18 * 電位能 * 電位差(電壓) --- ## 電位能 * 能量 * 保守力 * 電位能 ---- ### 能量 能量:一種物理量,經過任何狀態改變後,依然不會改變的量。 所以它具有很多不同的形式:比如熱能、電位能、化學能。 其意義就是能量守恆,不會有能量憑空出現,也不會有東西憑空消失。 ==能量是純量==可以直接相加 ---- ### 保守力 保守力:此力的做功,只與==起點與終點有關==,==與移動路徑無關==。 在系統內恆受這個力的作用 比如:重力、電力 ![](https://i.imgur.com/QCLGIvW.png) ---- ### 電位能 \begin{aligned} &功能定理:W_e = -\Delta U_e\\ &負的靜電力作功 = 電位能的變化\\ \\ 電位能:W&=\vec{F}\cdot\vec{S}=-\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{q_1q_2}{r}\\ \Delta U&=U_f-U_i=-W=-q\vec{E}\cdot\vec{S}=-q\int^f_i\vec{E}\cdot{d\vec{s}}\\ &電荷從位置i到f的總作功\\\\ &能量的單位:焦耳(J)(N\cdot m)\\ &電子伏特:1eV = 1.602 \cdot 10^{-19}(J)\\ \end{aligned} ==只需考慮終點與起點位置== ---- ### ==作業:Exercise 23.1 - Enhanced - with Solution== ![](https://i.imgur.com/0VqV0RZ.png) \begin{aligned} 只需要&判斷起點與終點的位置(能量是純量計算)\\ \Delta U&=U_f-U_i=-W\\ U_a&=-\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{q_1q_2}{r_a}\\ U_b&=-\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{q_1q_2}{r_b}\\ \end{aligned} ---- ![](https://i.imgur.com/0VqV0RZ.png) \begin{aligned} \Delta U&=U_b-U_a\\ &=\frac{-(3.6\cdot 10^{-6}) (-4.1\cdot 10^{-6})}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}(\frac{1}{0.14}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{0.25^2+0.25^2}})\\ W&=0.572(J) \end{aligned} --- ### 電位差(電壓) * 電位 * 電位差 * 平行帶電板 ---- ### 電位 電位:描述電場中某一位置的能量大小(純量)。 或是每單位電荷所具有的能量。 \begin{aligned} V=\frac{U}{q}&=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{q}{r}(V) \end{aligned} ---- ### ==電位 例題== ![](https://i.imgur.com/XhIVm7o.png) $假設:q_1 = 5C,\ \ q_2= 10C$ 試問A與B的電位?==(純量直接相加)== \begin{aligned} V_A&=V_{q1}+V_{q2}\\\\ V_A&=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{5C}{0.05}+\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{10C}{0.05}(V)\\ V_B&=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{5C}{0.08}+\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{10C}{0.06}(V) \end{aligned} ---- ### ==電位能 例題== ![](https://i.imgur.com/XhIVm7o.png) 試問此電場對3C電荷從A點到B點的作功?($W_e = -\Delta U_e$) \begin{aligned} -W = \Delta U&=U_b-U_a\\ &=qV_b-qV_a=q(V_b-V_a)\\ &=3C(V_b-V_a)\\\\ &W=-3C(V_b-V_a)(J) \end{aligned} ---- ### 電位差(電壓) 定義:單位電荷從i點移動到f點所需要的能量。 或是每單位電荷移動時所作的功。 \begin{aligned} \Delta V=V_f-V_i=\frac{\Delta U}{q}&=\frac{-W}{q}=-\int^f_i\vec{E}\cdot{d\vec{s}}\\\\ &單位:伏特\ Volt\ (\frac{N\cdot m}{C})\\ \end{aligned} ---- ### 作業:Exercise 23.11 \begin{aligned} 你無&法確定參照點的位置\\ E_y&=\alpha+\frac{\beta}{y^2}\\ \alpha&=600(\frac{N}{C})\\ \beta&=5.0(\frac{N\cdot m^2}{C})\\ \\ V_a-V_b&=-\int^a_b\vec{E}\cdot{d\vec{s}}=-\int^a_b\alpha+\frac{\beta}{y^2}dy\\ &=-\int^a_b\alpha+\beta y^{-2}dy=-(\alpha y-\frac{\beta}{y}\bigg|_b^a)\\ &=-[(600\cdot 0.02-\frac{5.0}{0.02})-(600\cdot 0.03-\frac{5.0}{0.03})]=89.33(V) \end{aligned} ---- <iframe src="https://www.geogebra.org/calculator/cxqjvpte?embed" width="800" height="600" allowfullscreen style="border: 1px solid #e4e4e4;border-radius: 4px;" frameborder="0"></iframe> ---- ### 平行帶電板 ![](https://i.imgur.com/JdtAMTP.png =210x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/wTCXskg.png =300x) $\vert\Delta V\vert=\vert V_f-V_i\vert=\vert -\int^f_i\vec{E}\cdot{d\vec{s}}\vert=\vert \vec{E}\cdot{\vec{d}}\vert$ ---- ### ==平行帶電板 例題== 假設兩平行板連接一個1.5V的電池,且要產生1.0(V/m)的電場,試問平行板間的距離? ![](https://i.imgur.com/wTCXskg.png =300x) $\vert\Delta V\vert=\vert \vec{E}\cdot{\vec{d}}\vert$ $1.5V = 1.0\times d$ $d = 1.5m$ --- ## 總結 | 電位V | 電位能U=Vq | | -------- | -------- | | 單位電荷在電場某一位置的能量大小 | 電荷在電場中移動產生的能量 | | 在高處具有較高的能量 | 東西從低拿到高處需要的能量 | <br> | 電場E | 電力F=Eq | | -------- | -------- | | 單位電荷在空間某一位置所受的力場 | 電荷間的作用力 | | 電荷向外釋放的波 | 電荷的波互相推擠 | <br> ---- \begin{aligned} &功能定理:-W=U=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{q_1q_2}{r}\\ &電位能:\Delta U=U_f-U_i=-q\vec{E}\cdot\vec{S}=-q\int^f_i\vec{E}\cdot{d\vec{s}}\\ &電位:V=\frac{U}{q}=\frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{q}{r}\\ &電位差:\Delta V=V_f-V_i=\frac{\Delta U}{q}=\frac{-W}{q}=-\int^f_i\vec{E}\cdot{d\vec{s}}\\ &平行帶電板電位:\vert\Delta V\vert=\vert \vec{E}\cdot{\vec{d}}\vert\\ &電位單位:伏特(V)(\frac{N\cdot m}{C})\\ &電位能單位:焦耳(J)(N\cdot m)\\ &電子伏特:1eV = 1.602 \cdot 10^{-19}(J)\\ \end{aligned} ---

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