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區塊鏈web3.js實戰教學文件

tags: Dapp 區塊鏈

定義web3.js

web3.js is a collection of libraries that allow you to interact with a local or remote ethereum node using HTTP, IPC or WebSocket.

安裝web3.js

  • 直接嵌入程式碼
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>CryptoZombies front-end</title>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
    <!-- Include web3.js here -->
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="web3.min.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>

  </body>
</html>

  • 其他指令

    • Using NPM
      npm install web3

    • Using Yarn
      yarn add web3

    • Using Bower
      bower install web3

如何讓 nodes 與 blockchain 溝通(read/write in blockchain)

Ethereum is made up of nodes that all share a copy of the same data
  • 內部:
  • 外部:
    • Web3 Providers API–->infura
      • tells our code which node we should be talking to handle our reads and writes
      • like setting the URL of the remote web server for your API calls in a traditional web app















  window.addEventListener('load', function() {//addEventListner是網頁載入load的事件處理器
  // Checking if Web3 has been injected by the browser (Mist/MetaMask)
  if (typeof web3 !== 'undefined') {
    // Use Mist/MetaMask's provider
    web3js = new Web3(web3.currentProvider);
  } else {
    // Handle the case where the user doesn't have web3. Probably
    // show them a message telling them to install Metamask in
    // order to use our app.
  }

  // Now you can start your app & access web3js freely:
  startApp()

})

Event handler補充

































<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>事件物件 Event object</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function init(){
    var btn=document.getElementById("btn");
    var handler=(e)=>{//e為事件物件
        alert(e.clientX+",",e.clientY);//建立事件處理函式
    };
    btn.addEventListener("click",handler);//在btm物件上註冊事件處理器addEventListner 
    //事件的名稱:"click"
    //處理器對應的處理函式:"handler"
    /*
     1.使用者點擊按鈕,觸發click事件
     2.瀏覽器主動收集和事件有關資訊,並製造出Event Object事件物件
     var eventObj=事件物件;
     3.呼叫已經註冊的事件處理器(事件處理函式)handler()
     handler(eventObj);
    */
   document.addEventListener("keydown",(e)=>{
    
     alert(e.keyCode);//keyCode為鼠標箭頭方向
   });
}
</script>
</head>
    <body onload="init();">
        <button id="btn">Click</button>
    </body>
</html>

ABI

  • Web3.js 和 智能合約互動 需 (1)address (2)ABI


var myContract = new web3js.eth.Contract(myABI, myContractAddress);
// Instantiate myContract

  • Dapp後端

    • 撰寫智能合約原始碼(solidity)/框架(truffle)上
    • 智能合約要先compile成bytecode(binary code)–->EVM才可執行(based on EVM)
    • deploy合約–->把bytecode(binary code)透過RPC 或 IPC儲存在鏈上(透過一個transaction)–->最後取得獨一無二的transaction address
    • 若要寫程式呼叫這個智能合約,要把資料發送到transaction address
    • Ethereum node會根據輸入資料,決定要執行智能合約中哪一個function和輸入參數

  • Dapp前端

    • web3.js + RPC 接上 ethereum
      Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
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      Learn More →

  • ABI (Application Binary Interface)–->binary code之間的互動介面

    • 和API類似(source code之間的互動)




































<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>CryptoZombies front-end</title>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="web3.min.js"></script>
    <!-- 1. Include cryptozombies_abi.js here -->
     <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="cryptozombies_abi.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>

    <script>
      var cryptoZombies;
      function startApp(){
            var cryptoZombiesAddress = "YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS";
             cryptoZombies = new web3js.eth.Contract(cryptoZombiesABI, cryptoZombiesAddress);
      }
      window.addEventListener('load', function() {

        // Checking if Web3 has been injected by the browser (Mist/MetaMask)
        if (typeof web3 !== 'undefined') {
          // Use Mist/MetaMask's provider
          web3js = new Web3(web3.currentProvider);
        } else {
          // Handle the case where the user doesn't have Metamask installed
          // Probably show them a message prompting them to install Metamask
        }

        // Now you can start your app & access web3 freely:
        startApp()

      })
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

Calling Contract Functions

  • Web3.js Calling Contract Functions方法有下列兩種

    • call
      • view pure修飾字會使用(read-only function 不會改變blockchain上的state 不會消耗 gas 使用者不需要透過metamask簽transaction)
      • 只會在local node run起來
      • 不會產生transaction
      • 下面程式碼使用myMethod()來call智能合約
      ​​​​     myContract.methods.myMethod(123).call()
    • send
      • view or pure以外的function
      • send a transaction 會需要付gas,且metamask要求使用者付費
      • 若以Metamask來當web3 provider–->會自動化處理上述兩步驟

  • 程式碼解析 1–->




















































<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>CryptoZombies front-end</title>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="web3.min.js"></script>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="cryptozombies_abi.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>

    <script>
      var cryptoZombies;

      function startApp() {
        var cryptoZombiesAddress = "YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS";
        cryptoZombies = new web3js.eth.Contract(cryptoZombiesABI, cryptoZombiesAddress); //Instantiate cryptoZombies
      }

      function getZombieDetails(id) {
        return cryptoZombies.methods.zombies(id).call()
      }

      // 1. Define `zombieToOwner` here
    function zombieToOwner(id){
       return cryptoZombies.methods.zombieToOwner(id).call()
    }

      // 2. Define `getZombiesByOwner` here
      function getZombiesByOwner(owner){
        return cryptoZombies.methods.getZombiesByOwner(owner).call()
      }
      window.addEventListener('load', function() {

        // Checking if Web3 has been injected by the browser (Mist/MetaMask)
        if (typeof web3 !== 'undefined') {
          // Use Mist/MetaMask's provider
          web3js = new Web3(web3.currentProvider);
        } else {
          // Handle the case where the user doesn't have Metamask installed
          // Probably show them a message prompting them to install Metamask
        }

        // Now you can start your app & access web3 freely:
        startApp()

      })
    </script>
  </body>
</html>
  • 程式碼解析 2–->












function getZombieDetails(id) {
  return cryptoZombies.methods.zombies(id).call()
}

// Call the function and do something with the result:
getZombieDetails(15)
.then(function(result) { //非同步async(promise)
//等promise結束後,從 web3 provider得到回覆
//才會跑then繼續程式碼
//結果會存到function(result)
  console.log("Zombie 15: " + JSON.stringify(result));
});

Async(非同步處理方式)

  • 目的:為了解決連線MetaMask的user account若改變,UI要能顯現出來––>

    • 用setInterval()來每隔100ms檢查
    • 連到錢包的帳號(web3.eth.accounts[0])
    • 使用者帳號(userAccount)
      • var userAccount = web3.eth.accounts[0]
      • let n = web3.eth.getBlockNumber();–->紀錄 migrate transaction 在哪一個 block 上

  • 程式碼解析 1 –->











var accountInterval = setInterval(function() {
  // Check if account has changed
  if (web3.eth.accounts[0] !== userAccount) {
    userAccount = web3.eth.accounts[0];
    // Call some function to update the UI with the new account
    updateInterface();
  }
}, 100);//每隔100ms會檢查一次 
       //var userAccount = web3.eth.accounts[0]
  • 程式碼解析 2 –->




























































<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
​ <head>
​   <meta charset="UTF-8">
​   <title>CryptoZombies front-end</title>
​   <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
​   <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="web3.min.js"></script>
​   <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="cryptozombies_abi.js"></script>
​ </head>
​ <body>

​   <script>
​     var cryptoZombies;
​     var userAccount;

​     function startApp() {
​       var cryptoZombiesAddress = "YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS";
​       cryptoZombies = new web3js.eth.Contract(cryptoZombiesABI, cryptoZombiesAddress);

​       var accountInterval = setInterval(function() {
​         //check if account has changed
​         if (web3.eth.accounts[0] !== userAccount) {
​           userAccount = web3.eth.accounts[0];
​         // Call some function to update the UI with the new account
​         getZombiesByOwner(userAccount)
​         .then(displayZombies);//把結果存在displayZombies
​         }
​       }, 100);
​     }

​     function getZombieDetails(id) {
​       return cryptoZombies.methods.zombies(id).call()
​     }

​     function zombieToOwner(id) {
​       return cryptoZombies.methods.zombieToOwner(id).call()
​     }

​     function getZombiesByOwner(owner) {
​       return cryptoZombies.methods.getZombiesByOwner(owner).call()
​     }

​     window.addEventListener('load', function() {

​       // Checking if Web3 has been injected by the browser (Mist/MetaMask)
​       if (typeof web3 !== 'undefined') {
​         // Use Mist/MetaMask's provider
​         web3js = new Web3(web3.currentProvider);
​       } else {
​         // Handle the case where the user doesn't have Metamask installed
​         // Probably show them a message prompting them to install Metamask
​       }

​       // Now you can start your app & access web3 freely:
​       startApp()

​     })
​   </script>
​ </body>
</html>

如何從後端smart contract回傳資料到前端介面(以jQuery為例)

  • 程式碼解析 1 –->





























































































<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>CryptoZombies front-end</title>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="web3.min.js"></script>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="cryptozombies_abi.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id="zombies"></div>

    <script>
      var cryptoZombies;
      var userAccount;

      function startApp() {
        var cryptoZombiesAddress = "YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS";
        cryptoZombies = new web3js.eth.Contract(cryptoZombiesABI, cryptoZombiesAddress);

        var accountInterval = setInterval(function() {
          // Check if account has changed
          if (web3.eth.accounts[0] !== userAccount) {
            userAccount = web3.eth.accounts[0];
            // Call a function to update the UI with the new account
            getZombiesByOwner(userAccount)
            .then(displayZombies);
          }
        }, 100);
      }

      function displayZombies(ids) {
        $("#zombies").empty();
        //First clear the contents of the #zombies div,
        // if there's anything already inside it. 
        // This way if the user changes their active MetaMask account,
        //  it will clear their old zombie army before loading the new one.
        for(id of ids){
        //Loop through each id, 
        //and for each one call getZombieDetails(id) 
        //to look up all the information for that zombie from our smart contract,
         getZombieDetails(id)
        .then(function(zombie) {
         // Using ES6's "template literals" to inject variables into the HTML.
         // Append each one to our #zombies div
        $("#zombies").append(`<div class="zombie">
          <ul>
            <li>Name: ${zombie.name}</li>
            <li>DNA: ${zombie.dna}</li>
            <li>Level: ${zombie.level}</li>
            <li>Wins: ${zombie.winCount}</li>
            <li>Losses: ${zombie.lossCount}</li>
            <li>Ready Time: ${zombie.readyTime}</li>
          </ul>
      </div>`);
  });//Put the information about that zombie into an HTML template 
  //to format it for display, 
  //and append that template to the #zombies div.
          }
        }
      }

      function getZombieDetails(id) {
        return cryptoZombies.methods.zombies(id).call()
      }

      function zombieToOwner(id) {
        return cryptoZombies.methods.zombieToOwner(id).call()
      }

      function getZombiesByOwner(owner) {
        return cryptoZombies.methods.getZombiesByOwner(owner).call()
      }

      window.addEventListener('load', function() {

        // Checking if Web3 has been injected by the browser (Mist/MetaMask)
        if (typeof web3 !== 'undefined') {
          // Use Mist/MetaMask's provider
          web3js = new Web3(web3.currentProvider);
        } else {
          // Handle the case where the user doesn't have Metamask installed
          // Probably show them a message prompting them to install Metamask
        }

        // Now you can start your app & access web3 freely:
        startApp()

      })
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

Sending Transactions

  • 處理非同步async產生原因––>(1)若很多transaction在pending on blockchain(2)有 user send gas price太低 (3)要等待大約15sec transaction被寫在block上


// This will convert 1 ETH to Wei
web3js.utils.toWei("1");

































































































































<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>CryptoZombies front-end</title>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="web3.min.js"></script>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="cryptozombies_abi.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id="txStatus"></div>
    <div id="zombies"></div>

    <script>
      var cryptoZombies;
      var userAccount;

      function startApp() {
        var cryptoZombiesAddress = "YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS";
        cryptoZombies = new web3js.eth.Contract(cryptoZombiesABI, cryptoZombiesAddress);

        var accountInterval = setInterval(function() {
          // Check if account has changed
          if (web3.eth.accounts[0] !== userAccount) {
            userAccount = web3.eth.accounts[0];
            // Call a function to update the UI with the new account
            getZombiesByOwner(userAccount)
            .then(displayZombies);
          }
        }, 100);
      }

      function displayZombies(ids) {
        $("#zombies").empty();
        for (id of ids) {
          // Look up zombie details from our contract. Returns a `zombie` object
          getZombieDetails(id)
          .then(function(zombie) {
            // Using ES6's "template literals" to inject variables into the HTML.
            // Append each one to our #zombies div
            $("#zombies").append(`<div class="zombie">
              <ul>
                <li>Name: ${zombie.name}</li>
                <li>DNA: ${zombie.dna}</li>
                <li>Level: ${zombie.level}</li>
                <li>Wins: ${zombie.winCount}</li>
                <li>Losses: ${zombie.lossCount}</li>
                <li>Ready Time: ${zombie.readyTime}</li>
              </ul>
            </div>`);
          });
        }
      }

      function createRandomZombie(name) {
        // This is going to take a while, so update the UI to let the user know
        // the transaction has been sent
        $("#txStatus").text("Creating new zombie on the blockchain. This may take a while...");
        // Send the tx to our contract:
        return cryptoZombies.methods.createRandomZombie(name)
        .send({ from: userAccount })
        .on("receipt", function(receipt) {
          $("#txStatus").text("Successfully created " + name + "!");
          // Transaction was accepted into the blockchain, let's redraw the UI
          getZombiesByOwner(userAccount).then(displayZombies);
        })
        .on("error", function(error) {
          // Do something to alert the user their transaction has failed
          $("#txStatus").text(error);
        });
      }

      function feedOnKitty(zombieId, kittyId) {
        $("#txStatus").text("Eating a kitty. This may take a while...");
        return cryptoZombies.methods.feedOnKitty(zombieId, kittyId)
        .send({ from: userAccount })
        .on("receipt", function(receipt) {
          $("#txStatus").text("Ate a kitty and spawned a new Zombie!");
          getZombiesByOwner(userAccount).then(displayZombies);
        })
        .on("error", function(error) {
          $("#txStatus").text(error);
        });
      }

      function levelUp(zombieId) {
          $("#txStatus").text("Leveling up your zombie...");
          return cryptoZombies.methods.levelUp(zombieId)
          .send({ from: userAccount, value: web3js.utils.toWei("0.001", "ether") })//When it calls levelUp on the contract, it should send "0.001" ETH converted toWei,
          .on("receipt", function(receipt) {
            $("#txStatus").text("Power overwhelming! Zombie successfully leveled up");//success it should display the text "Power overwhelming! Zombie successfully leveled up"
          
          })
          .on("error", function(error) {
                $("#txStatus").text(error);
           });
      }

      function getZombieDetails(id) {
        return cryptoZombies.methods.zombies(id).call()
      }

      function zombieToOwner(id) {
        return cryptoZombies.methods.zombieToOwner(id).call()
      }

      function getZombiesByOwner(owner) {
        return cryptoZombies.methods.getZombiesByOwner(owner).call()
      }

      window.addEventListener('load', function() {

        // Checking if Web3 has been injected by the browser (Mist/MetaMask)
        if (typeof web3 !== 'undefined') {
          // Use Mist/MetaMask's provider
          web3js = new Web3(web3.currentProvider);
        } else {
          // Handle the case where the user doesn't have Metamask installed
          // Probably show them a message prompting them to install Metamask
        }

        // Now you can start your app & access web3 freely:
        startApp()

      })
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

修飾字–indexed

  • 定義:indexed 修飾 _from _to (indexed只會)
event Transfer(address indexed _from, address indexed _to, uint256 _tokenId);
  • 在前端介面可以filter_from _to(因為兩者都是indexed)








// Use `filter` to only fire this code when `_to` equals `userAccount`
cryptoZombies.events.Transfer({ filter: { _to: userAccount } })
//filter for them in our event listener in our front end
.on("data", function(event) {
  let data = event.returnValues;
  // The current user just received a zombie!
  // Do something here to update the UI to show it
}).on("error", console.error);

Querying past events

  • getPastEvents來 query past events
    • 用 fromBlock 和 toBlock 等 filters 給 solidity 1 個 time range for event logs(block )
      • events 比 storage 便宜
      • 但events在智能合約裡不可讀
  • calling functions sending transactions through web3.js
  • Subscribing to Events
  • 程式碼解析 1 –->
event NewZombie(uint zombieId, string name, uint dna);







cryptoZombies.events.NewZombie()
.on("data", function(event) {
  let zombie = event.returnValues;
  // We can access this event's 3 return values on the `event.returnValues` object:
  console.log("A new zombie was born!", zombie.zombieId, zombie.name, zombie.dna);
}).on("error", console.error);

web3.js subscribe to an event –->web3 provider fire an event

  • 程式碼解析 2 –->







































































































































<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>CryptoZombies front-end</title>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="web3.min.js"></script>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="cryptozombies_abi.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id="txStatus"></div>
    <div id="zombies"></div>

    <script>
      var cryptoZombies;
      var userAccount;

      function startApp() {
        var cryptoZombiesAddress = "YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS";
        cryptoZombies = new web3js.eth.Contract(cryptoZombiesABI, cryptoZombiesAddress);

        var accountInterval = setInterval(function() {
          // Check if account has changed
          if (web3.eth.accounts[0] !== userAccount) {
            userAccount = web3.eth.accounts[0];
            // Call a function to update the UI with the new account
            getZombiesByOwner(userAccount)
            .then(displayZombies);
          }
        }, 100);

     // Use `filter` to only fire this code when `_to` equals `userAccount`
       cryptoZombies.events.Transfer({ filter: { _to: userAccount } })
       .on("data", function(event) {
          let data = event.returnValues;
          // The current user just received a zombie!
          getZombiesByOwner(userAccount).then(displayZombies);// Do something here to update the UI to show it
        }).on("error", console.error);
      }

      function displayZombies(ids) {
        $("#zombies").empty();
        for (id of ids) {
          // Look up zombie details from our contract. Returns a `zombie` object
          getZombieDetails(id)
          .then(function(zombie) {
            // Using ES6's "template literals" to inject variables into the HTML.
            // Append each one to our #zombies div
            $("#zombies").append(`<div class="zombie">
              <ul>
                <li>Name: ${zombie.name}</li>
                <li>DNA: ${zombie.dna}</li>
                <li>Level: ${zombie.level}</li>
                <li>Wins: ${zombie.winCount}</li>
                <li>Losses: ${zombie.lossCount}</li>
                <li>Ready Time: ${zombie.readyTime}</li>
              </ul>
            </div>`);
          });
        }
      }

      function createRandomZombie(name) {
        // This is going to take a while, so update the UI to let the user know
        // the transaction has been sent
        $("#txStatus").text("Creating new zombie on the blockchain. This may take a while...");
        // Send the tx to our contract:
        return cryptoZombies.methods.createRandomZombie(name)
        .send({ from: userAccount })
        .on("receipt", function(receipt) {
          $("#txStatus").text("Successfully created " + name + "!");
          // Transaction was accepted into the blockchain, let's redraw the UI
          getZombiesByOwner(userAccount).then(displayZombies);
        })
        .on("error", function(error) {
          // Do something to alert the user their transaction has failed
          $("#txStatus").text(error);
        });
      }

      function feedOnKitty(zombieId, kittyId) {
        $("#txStatus").text("Eating a kitty. This may take a while...");
        return cryptoZombies.methods.feedOnKitty(zombieId, kittyId)
        .send({ from: userAccount })
        .on("receipt", function(receipt) {
          $("#txStatus").text("Ate a kitty and spawned a new Zombie!");
          getZombiesByOwner(userAccount).then(displayZombies);
        })
        .on("error", function(error) {
          $("#txStatus").text(error);
        });
      }

      function levelUp(zombieId) {
        $("#txStatus").text("Leveling up your zombie...");
        return cryptoZombies.methods.levelUp(zombieId)
        .send({ from: userAccount, value: web3.utils.toWei("0.001", "ether") })
        .on("receipt", function(receipt) {
          $("#txStatus").text("Power overwhelming! Zombie successfully leveled up");
        })
        .on("error", function(error) {
          $("#txStatus").text(error);
        });
      }

      function getZombieDetails(id) {
        return cryptoZombies.methods.zombies(id).call()
      }

      function zombieToOwner(id) {
        return cryptoZombies.methods.zombieToOwner(id).call()
      }

      function getZombiesByOwner(owner) {
        return cryptoZombies.methods.getZombiesByOwner(owner).call()
      }

      window.addEventListener('load', function() {

        // Checking if Web3 has been injected by the browser (Mist/MetaMask)
        if (typeof web3 !== 'undefined') {
          // Use Mist/MetaMask's provider
          web3js = new Web3(web3.currentProvider);
        } else {
          // Handle the case where the user doesn't have Metamask installed
          // Probably show them a message prompting them to install Metamask
        }

        // Now you can start your app & access web3 freely:
        startApp()

      })
    </script>
  </body>
</html>
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