# quiz8
> 2022-04-04
> [scottxxxabc](https://github.com/scottxxxabc)
## 測驗 1
在 Linux 核心原始程式碼中，[lib/string.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/lib/string.c) 具備 [memchr](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/memchr.3.html) 的實作:

/**
 * memchr - Find a character in an area of memory.
 * @s: The memory area
 * @c: The byte to search for
 * @n: The size of the area.
 *
 * returns the address of the first occurrence of @c, or %NULL
 * if @c is not found
 */
void *memchr(const void *s, int c, size_t n)
{
    const unsigned char *p = s;
    while (n-- != 0) {
        if ((unsigned char)c == *p++) {
            return (void *)(p - 1);
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

利用上述 SIMD within a register (SWAR) 的技巧，我們可改寫為以下 `memchr_opt` 函式:

#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <string.h>

/* Nonzero if either X or Y is not aligned on a "long" boundary */
#define UNALIGNED(X) ((long) X & (sizeof(long) - 1))

/* How many bytes are loaded each iteration of the word copy loop */
#define LBLOCKSIZE (sizeof(long))

/* Threshhold for punting to the bytewise iterator */
#define TOO_SMALL(LEN) ((LEN) < LBLOCKSIZE)

#if LONG_MAX == 2147483647L
#define DETECT_NULL(X) (((X) -0x01010101) & ~(X) & 0x80808080)
#else
#if LONG_MAX == 9223372036854775807L
/* Nonzero if X (a long int) contains a NULL byte. */
#define DETECT_NULL(X) (((X) -0x0101010101010101) & ~(X) & 0x8080808080808080)
#else
#error long int is not a 32bit or 64bit type.
#endif
#endif

/* @return nonzero if (long)X contains the byte used to fill MASK. */
#define DETECT_CHAR(X, MASK) (DETECT_NULL(X ^ MASK))

void *memchr_opt(const void *src_void, int c, size_t length)
{
    const unsigned char *src = (const unsigned char *) src_void;
    unsigned char d = c;

    while (UNALIGNED(src)) {
        if (!length--)
            return NULL;
        if (*src == d)
            return (void *) src;
        src++;
    }

    if (!TOO_SMALL(length)) {
        /* If we get this far, we know that length is large and
         * src is word-aligned.
         */

        /* The fast code reads the source one word at a time and only performs
         * the bytewise search on word-sized segments if they contain the search
         * character, which is detected by XORing the word-sized segment with a
         * word-sized block of the search character and then detecting for the
         * presence of NULL in the result.
         */
        unsigned long *asrc = (unsigned long *) src;
        unsigned long mask = d << 8 | d;
        mask = mask << 16 | mask;
        for (unsigned int i = 32; i < LBLOCKSIZE * 8; i <<= 1)
            mask = (mask << i) | mask;

        while (length >= LBLOCKSIZE) {
            /* XXXXX: Your implementation should appear here */
        }

        /* If there are fewer than LBLOCKSIZE characters left, then we resort to
         * the bytewise loop.
         */
        src = (unsigned char *) asrc;
    }

    while (length--) {
        if (*src == d)
            return (void *) src;
        src++;
    }

    return NULL;
}

while (length >= LBLOCKSIZE) {
    if(!DETECT_CHAR(*asrc, mask)) {
        length -= LBLOCKSIZE;
        asrc++;
    }    
    else
        break;
}

### 想法
* 根據題目提示得知需使用到 `DETECT_CHAR` 巨集，`DETECT_CHAR` 巨集的註解寫到此巨集會在參數 `X` 含有填滿 `MASK` 的 byte 時回傳非零。
- 檢查第 20 行的 `DETECT_NULL` 會在 `X` 含有 NULL byte 時回傳非零。
- 兩個輸入相同時， XOR 的輸出為 0，將 `MASK` 的每個 byte 都以想要搜尋的字元填滿， 如果 `X` 的第 n 個 byte 等於想要蒐尋的字元， `X ^ MASK` 的第 n 個 byte 就會是 `0` ，可以用剛才的 `DETECT_NULL` 巨集偵測。
- `memchr_opt` 在第 54 ~ 57 行設定 `MASK`。
- 若是想要蒐尋的字元為 `a`，以二進位表示為 `0110 0001` ，就要把`MASK` 的每個 byte 都設為 `0110 0001`，在我的電腦上 `long` 為 64 bits， `MASK` 應為
`01100001 01100001 01100001 01100001 01100001 01100001 01100001 01100001`

* 觀察題目的第 59 行，可以發現 `while` 迴圈每次應該要使用 `DETECT_CHAR` 來尋找 `asrc` 是否包含指定字元。
* 每次迴圈迭代應該要將 `asrc` 指標往後移動 `long` 的長度，並將 `length` 減少 `long` 的長度