---
title: 🔰 Multinetwork Safe
tags: safe
description: Safe accounts that can be created and managed across multiple protocol networks
image: https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/8467082/1674046807/1500x500
---

<h1 style="text-align: center;">Multinetwork Safe</h1>

# About

- Safe accounts that can be created and managed across multiple protocol networks, e.g. Ethereum mainnet, Optimism, Arbitrum, Polygon, etc.

# Offchain accounts

- Aka Counterfactual accounts
- Accounts that have not been initialized onchain, i.e. There is no onchain activity
- Can still receive and store assets
- Used for externally owned accounts (EOAs) and smart contract accounts

# Externally owned accounts vs Smart contract accounts

*See [Account Abstraction in a Multichain Landscape - Part 1: Addresses](https://safe.mirror.xyz/4GcGAOFno-suTCjBewiYH4k4yXPDdIukC5woO5Bjc4w) by Safe*

## Externally owned accounts (EOAs)

- Compatible across many networks
- Each network uses the same account address
- Actions on each network are independent of each other
- E.g. Sending or receiving an asset occurs only on the network it is initiated on

## Smart contract accounts

### About

- Safe is a smart contract account
- Each account is associated to a specific network
- Actions on each network are independent of each other
- E.g. Adding or removing an an approval account on a Safe account

### Downsides

- Not possible to have the same address on non EVM networks
- Assets can mistakenly be sent to the wrong network
- Network bridging complexity
- User management complexity
- These issues arise when using counterfactual accounts to create accounts with the same address: Created using the Ethereum virtual machine (EVM) [counterfactual deployment (CREATE2)](https://docs.openzeppelin.com/cli/2.7/deploying-with-create2) opcode

### Apps

#### smol

- Site: [smold.app](https://smold.app/)
- App: [multisafe.app](https://multisafe.app/safe)
- About: Use the same Safe account address across multiple networks
- X: [@smoldapp](https://twitter.com/smoldapp)

# Identification accounts

- Network specific IDs
- Safe accounts have a network specific ID prefixed to each address ([ERC-3770](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3770))
- Prevents assets or tokens to be sent to the wrong network
- Unified human readable account name
- ENS to link all associated network addresses
- ENS supports [multichain address resolution](https://docs.ens.domains/ens-improvement-proposals/ensip-11-evmchain-address-resolution)

# Bridging accounts

## About

- *See [How can a Safe hold asset on multiple chains?](https://forum.safe.global/t/how-can-a-safe-hold-asset-on-multiple-chains/2242) by Martin Köppelmann on Safe forum*
- Arbitrary message bridge (AMB)
- Network controls actions on any network that is connected via an Arbitrary message bridge (AMB)
- Bridge sends messages across 2 accounts on 2 different networks to each other
- Relies on bridge security which is a single point of failure

## Push vs Pull model

- *See [Vitalik Buterin's response](https://forum.safe.global/t/how-can-a-safe-hold-asset-on-multiple-chains/2242/13?u=adamhurwitz.eth) to [How can a Safe hold asset on multiple chains?](https://forum.safe.global/t/how-can-a-safe-hold-asset-on-multiple-chains/2242) on Safe forum*
- Push: The account on the "main" network pushes actions to other networks to sync
- Pull: The account on the "main" network does an action, and the other networks pull new actions from the "main" network
- Transactions are faster
- There is no asynchronous step required
- It’s all one single synchronous transaction on chain
- Saves spending gas on the "main" network
- Reduce complexity of paying for transaction fees on multiple networks

## Apps

#### Hashi

- *See [Safe on Hashi](https://www.gnosis.io/blog/safe-on-hashi) by Gnosis*
- About
- Created by Gnosis as a [Safe module](https://hackmd.io/@safe/oi/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2F%40safe%2Farchitecture#Pluginsmodules)
- Creates a main Safe that can control secondary Safes on other networks
- Built prototypes for both [push and pull strategies](#Push-vs-Pull-model)
- X: [@hashialliance](https://twitter.com/hashialliance)
- GitHub: [github.com/crosschain-alliance/safe-crosschain](https://github.com/crosschain-alliance/safe-crosschain)

#### Peanut Protocol

- Site: [peanut.to](https://peanut.to)
- About
- Uses a deposit and withdrawal model
- The account on the "main" network makes a deposit protected by a secret key
- An account on another network makes a withdrawal using the secret key
- Resources
- [Hugo Montenegro's response](https://forum.safe.global/t/how-can-a-safe-hold-asset-on-multiple-chains/2242/19?u=adamhurwitz.eth) to [How can a Safe hold asset on multiple chains?](https://forum.safe.global/t/how-can-a-safe-hold-asset-on-multiple-chains/2242) *on Safe forum*
- [A new primitive to butter web3](https://peanutprotocol.notion.site/A-new-primitive-to-butter-web3-ac9260237d3f4075bf6e87a27912e65f)

# Proof accounts

## About

- *See [Deeper dive on cross-L2 reading for wallets and other use cases](https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/06/20/deeperdive.html) by Vitalik Buterin*
- Uses keystore contracts between networks
- The user has a main account on a layer 1 (L1) or layer 2 (L2) that manages all accounts
- Verification key for accounts across all networks used, i.e. Action approval key
- Rules for changing the key, e.g. Social recovery

## Strategies

### Light – Syncing a keystore account and network account approval keys

- There is a "main" account with a keystore state and a function to sync with other network account signing (approval) keys
- Other network accounts signing key
- Cross-chain proof to check other network's current key
- Update its own local current key
- When initializing on a new network the function will request the key from other networks
- Benefits
- Secured onchain with account keys
- Limited need for potentially expensive cross network proofs
- Downsides
- Potentially expensive onchain account key change transactions
- Lack of privacy because accounts can be linked publicly using the proof timestamps: [Deeper dive on cross-L2 reading for wallets and other use cases > Preserving privacy](https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/06/20/deeperdive.html#preserving-privacy) *by Vitalik Buterin*

### Heavy – Verify every action

- Cross network proof for every onchain transaction to verify keystores
- Benefits
- Less complexity due to not managing a keystore state
- Updating keystores is inexpensive
- Downside
- Currently expensive cross network proofs
- Not easily compatible with ERC-4337: Does not support cross contract reading of mutable objects during validation

## Research

#### Wonderland

- Site: [defi.sucks](https://defi.sucks/)
- About: Researching multinetwork Safe accounts powered by proofs
- [The current state of storage proofs](https://defi.sucks/insights/current-state-of-storage-proofs)
- GitHub: [github.com/defi-wonderland/safe-liveness](https://github.com/defi-wonderland/safe-liveness)
- X: [@DeFi_Wonderland](https://twitter.com/DeFi_Wonderland)

# Cross-chain interoperability protocol (CCIP) accounts

## About

- Site: [chain.link/cross-chain](https://chain.link/cross-chain)
- Chainlink's network for sharing data across protocol networks

## Apps

#### Klaster

- Site: [klaster.io](https://klaster.io)
- Features
- Create accounts used across multiple networks from an existing Safe account
- The Klaster account creates a main account that manages multiple networks
- The main account can be from any supported network
- The main account is created from an existing Safe on the same network
- Create multiple sub-accounts for different uses from the same main account
- Approval accounts only need to be updated once from the main account
- Lower transaction (txn) fees (In-progress 2024-01-09)
- Lower gas fees by creating an intent from the main Klaster account that is finalized on a layer 2 (L2)
- To research
- CCIP network security and decentralization
- The number of validators
- Geographical distribution of validators
- Technical requirements of validators
- Profitability: *Fee revenue earned - Operating costs*
- X: [@klaster_io](https://twitter.com/klaster_io)

# Safe alternative accounts

#### Unwallet

- Site: [unwallet.me](https://unwallet.me)
- About
- Focuses on biometric approvals, i.e. Face and fingerprint
- Powered by CCIP and ENS domains
- Built at and the winners of December 2023 Chainlink hackathon: [Announcing the Winners From Constellation: A Chainlink Hackathon](https://blog.chain.link/constellation-hackathon-winners/) *by Chainlink*
- X: [@unwallet_me](https://twitter.com/unwallet_me)
- Opportunities
- Backup passkey
- Add approval accounts, e.g. Hardware device, browser, or mobile app
- Firefox browser support
- Yubico Yubikey support

<p style="text-align: center; font-style: italic">This is not financial, technical, or legal advice. Consult professionals and do your own research.</p>

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