# Collected material

###### tags: `planning`

## Python API generators

### [f2py](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/f2py/)

Python wrapper generator that is part of NumPy

Main limitations:
* Doesn't support derived types

### [f90wrap](https://github.com/jameskermode/f90wrap)

Fortran to Python interface generator that extends f2yp with derived type support.

### [fmodpy](https://github.com/tchlux/fmodpy)

"An easy-to-use Fortran wrapper for Python." Still in development.

### [gfort2py](https://github.com/rjfarmer/gfort2py)

Library to allow calling fortran code from python.

* Only works with gfortran

### [F2x](https://github.com/DLR-SC/F2x)

"A versatile, template-based Fortran wrapper written in Python."

* Lacks documentation

### [Forthon](https://github.com/dpgrote/Forthon)

"Forthon generates links between Fortran95 and Python."

* Lacks documentation

### [SWIG-Fortran](https://github.com/swig-fortran)

* Fairly well supported but is still an unfriendly fork with no path to being merged upstream

### Various packages that don't seem to be maintained

[fwrap](https://fwrap.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)

## C interfaces from Python

### [ctypes](https://docs.python.org/3/library/ctypes.html)

Foreign function library in the Python standard library.

### [cffi](https://cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)

Python wrapper generator for C

### [Cython](https://cython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html)

Compiler for Python C-extensions. Can load shared libaries.

[Making your C library callable from Python by wrapping it with Cython](https://stavshamir.github.io/python/making-your-c-library-callable-from-python-by-wrapping-it-with-cython/)

### [numpy.ctypeslib](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/routines.ctypeslib.html)

Module to facilitate working with NumPy arrays in C interfaces

`numpy.ctypeslib.as_ctypes`
Converting array to C array

`numpy.ctypeslib.as_array`
Convert C array to NumPy array

`numpy.ctypeslib.load_library`
Alternative to ctypes.cdll that takes care of platform-specific things

### [numpy.ndarray.ctypes](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.ctypes.html)

An object to simplify the interaction of NumPy arrays with the ctypes module

`x.ctypes.data`
Attribute to access data as C array

### [SWIG](http://www.swig.org/)

Python wrapper generator for C

## Tools for patching Python wheels with dynamic libraries

* Building Python packages with shared libraries means that the library needs to be present at runtime for the end user.
* Tools are available to patch the binary wheels to include these shared libraries.
* Support for Windows is currently lacking.

### [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)

Well-established tool for MacOs

### [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel)

Well-established tool for Linux

### [delvewheel](https://github.com/adang1345/delvewheel)

Preliminary tool for Windows

## Available guides

[Calling Fortran from Python](https://maurow.bitbucket.io/notes/calling_fortran_from_python.html)
[Fortran90.org: Interfacing with Python](https://www.fortran90.org/src/best-practices.html#interfacing-with-python)
[Fortran Wiki: Generating C Interfaces](http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/Generating+C+Interfaces)
[Fortran Wiki: Python](http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/Python)
[Foreign Fortran](https://foreign-fortran.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
[Python-Fortran bindings examples](https://pnavaro.github.io/python-fortran/quickstart.html)
[Interfacing Fortran code](https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/python-in-hpc/0/steps/65132)
[Using fortran from python](https://arogozhnikov.github.io/2015/11/29/using-fortran-from-python.html)
[High-Performance Python – Compiled Code and Fortran Interface](https://www.admin-magazine.com/HPC/Articles/High-Performance-Python-2)
[Combining Python with Fortran, C and C++](https://metaphor.ethz.ch/fsdb/sam/PythonTutorial/combining.html)
[Writing fast Fortran routines for Python](https://sites.engineering.ucsb.edu/~shell/che210d/f2py.pdf)
[Interfacing With Other Programming Languages Using Cython](http://www.acme.byu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Cython-Wrapping1.pdf)

### Slides

[Interfacing Python with Fortran](https://www-uxsup.csx.cam.ac.uk/courses/moved.PythonFortran/f2py.pdf)
[Slides from INF3331 lectures – combining Python with Fortran/C/C++](https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/ifi/INF3331/h11/mixed2.pdf)

## Running Python from Fortran

[forcallpy](https://forcallpy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
[forpy](https://github.com/ylikx/forpy/wiki)
[call_py_fort](https://github.com/nbren12/call_py_fort)